Международные стандарты финансовой отчетности (МСФО) на ifrs.su

Туркмения договорилась о внедрении в стране международных стандартов финансовой отчетности — Новость и комментарий Сергея Модерова, АССА

9 сентября 2011 Новости, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России Комментарии к записи Туркмения договорилась о внедрении в стране международных стандартов финансовой отчетности — Новость и комментарий Сергея Модерова, АССА отключены

Туркмения договорилась о внедрении в стране международных стандартов финансовой отчетности
АШХАБАД, 8 сен — РИА Новости, Амангельды Нурмурадов. Минфин Туркмении заключил в четверг с фондом международных стандартов финансовой отчетности (МСФО) соглашение о передаче авторского права сроком на два года для перевода МСФО на туркменский язык и их внедрения в Туркменистане, сообщает посольство США в Ашхабаде.
«Мы приветствуем инициативу правительства Туркменистана по внедрению международных стандартов финансовой отчетности в национальную систему бухгалтерского учета. Мы с нетерпением ожидаем начала совместной работы с правительством Туркменистана по внедрению этих важных международных стандартов», — сказал во время церемонии подписания соглашения директор службы по содержанию МСФО Кен Крейтон.
Он подчеркнул, что соглашение о передаче авторского права является важным правовым шагом, необходимым для того, чтобы правительство Туркменистана осуществило перевод МСФО на туркменский язык, что в свою очередь послужит гармоничному внедрению международных стандартов в национальную систему бухгалтерского учета.
В свою очередь глава туркменского минфина Довлетгельды Садыков отметил, что Туркменистан извлечет большую выгоду от внедрения МСФО. По его мнению, подписание данного соглашения является значительным достижением для Туркменистана и представляет собой еще один практический шаг в рамках крупномасштабных программ по реформированию финансового сектора с целью интеграции туркменской экономики в современную систему международных хозяйственных связей.
Подписание данного соглашения является результатом совместных усилий минфина Туркмении, Союза экономистов страны, а также Агентства США по международному сотрудничеству (USAID).

Комментарий Сергея Модерова
В своем желании перевести на национальный язык МСФО Туркменистан далеко не первый. До этого аналогичное право получал, к примеру, Казахстан. Соответствующие действия проходят обычно на спонсорские деньги американских налогоплательщиков, в данном случае — через программу американской помощи USAID. Опасность такого подхода состоит в том, что после перехода страны на МСФО в чистом их виде, при наличии перевода, в дальнейшем спонсорские деньги заканчиваются, и право переводить обновления стандартов отнимают. Соответственно, через 2 года Туркменистан может столкнуться с ситуацией, когда его экономика «переведена» на устаревшие стандарты МСФО, без учета обновлений, что будет препятствовать получать выгоды от МСФО при взаимодействии с инвесторами.

Выход простой — передать со временем право переводить обновления МСФО самому Фонду МСФО, как это например сделала Россия. Тогда вопросов с авторским правом на стандарты не возникнет.

В целом применение англо-саксонской модели учета бизнес операций, которая заложена в МСФО, пойдет только на пользу Туркменским предприятиям.

Сергей Модеров, член Ассоциации сертифицированных присяжных бухгалтеров Великобритании, аудитор, специалист по МСФО
Заказать услугу тренинг по МСФО или подготову отчетности по МСФО — +7 921 9450055 или smoderov@mail.ru

Семинар — Управленческий учет – международные аспекты. Связь бухгалтерского, управленческого и международного учетов. Внедрение аудируемой системы

5 июля 2011 МСФО в строительстве, Новости, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России Комментарии к записи Семинар — Управленческий учет – международные аспекты. Связь бухгалтерского, управленческого и международного учетов. Внедрение аудируемой системы отключены

Семинар

Управленческий учет – международные аспекты. Связь бухгалтерского, управленческого и международного учетов. Внедрение аудируемой системы
Автор – Сергей Модеров, АССА. Контролер качества Института профессиональных аудиторов России тел +7 921 9450055 smoderov@mail.ru
Продолжительность представленной ниже части – 18 часов
Содержание программы:
1. Управленческий учет – современные российские практики. Взаимосвязь бухгалтерского, управленческого и международного учетов. Построение систем учетов – использование принципа приоритета экономического содержания над юридической формой.
2. Критерии проверяемости систем управленческого учета при планировании капитальных сделок и сделок по привлечению финансирования. Аудируемость управленческого учета. Риски при проведении due diligence при планировании капитальных сделок
3. Международные аспекты управленческого учета – что использовать из Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности (МСФО) для постановки управленческого учета.
4. Варианты учета выручки в управленческом учете. Метод признания выручки «по проценту завершенности затрат», по методу начисления, кассовым методом.
5. Варианты учета себестоимости – методы полной себестоимости (absorbtion costing), прямой себестоимости (direct costing). Фактический и нормативный методы учета затрат.
6. Бюджетирование – основа финансового управления компанией. Виды бюджетов, в том числе бюджет «с нуля» (zero-based budgeting), «гнущийся» бюджет, «скользящий бюджет». Система движения информации в процессе бюджетирования в рамках компании (бюджет продаж, производственный бюджет, нормы выработки, нормы расходы материала, нормы трудозатрат, мастер-бюджет)
7. Управленческий учет запасов, дебиторской и кредиторской задолженности. Формирование резервов.
8. Ключевые показатели эффективности – KPI (Key Performance Indicators). Система сбалансированных показателей. Правила постановки системы мотивации. Драйверы процессов. Системы управления компанией по дочтижению ключевых показателей. Мотивация персонала. Центры фимнансовой ответственности – центры доходов, центры расходов, центры прибыли, центры инвестиций).
9. Парадоксы учета – прибыль есть, денег нет; деньги есть, прибыли нет.
10. Подготовка документов при продажи доли в бизнесе. Процедуры выверяемости управленческой отчетности.
11. Примеры и задачи

IFRS – basics and risk approach to financial instruments

28 июня 2011 Новости, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России, Семинары Комментарии к записи IFRS – basics and risk approach to financial instruments отключены

IFRS – basics and risk approach to financial instruments

By Sergey Moderov, ACCA

The Institute for Enterprise Issues

Hereby we present the approach of IFRSs to some risks and disclosure of financial instruments and other interesting matters arising in application of IFRS’s
1. Introduction

The complexities of the corporate and investment world are not helped by the fact that different countries apply different regulations and accounting rules making comparisons between companies difficult. In one famous case, an international company, with stock exchange listings in America and Europe reporting under European accounting standards recorded a loss of $1,300 million. The same entity recorded a profit of $800 million under the American accounting rules for the same year! A potential solution to this problem is to have an international system of accounting rules that would apply across borders so that investors can more easily compare companies, perhaps in the same industry but in different geographical locations. International auditors would of course benefit by having a single stream of audit rules to work from The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has achieved success in rolling out a common set of standards known as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) across the globe. In 2002, the European Union adopted legislation that required listed companies in Europe to apply IFRS to almost 10,000 companies and banks in 28 countries. The IASB was also successful outside Europe. For instance, in Africa, countries like Egypt, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa and Tanzania are amongst those that have adopted IFRS. IFRS rules are also strong in Asia. As regards North America, at the time of writing, there is a convergence project between the American accounting standards board and the IFRS. In addition, there is the prospect that American companies may be allowed to adopt IFRS for American stock exchange filing purposes. From this perspective, the IASB are achieving their objective of having a single and consistent set of rules operating across the globe. While in theory this may sound good, the practicalities of implementing a consistent set of accounting rules globally has proved challenging. The IASB are continuously issuing standards to cope with international events. In 2002, following the Enron scandal where investors were unaware of substantial hidden losses, a number of new standards were issued. The recent global credit crisis has put further pressure on the IASB to respond with more rule changes. The result is that new standards are published very frequently and existing standards are amended. Those on the front line, auditors and financial directors can see first hand the challenges that these new changes create. Keeping up to date with these new standards is hard enough, trying to implement them in practice is in many cases proving to be more difficult. Few in the financial world could doubt that financial instruments, as used by treasurers of large global companies, insurance entities, pension funds and banks have become more complex and difficult to understand. Trying to apply a global set of accounting standards to these complex transactions has proved challenging. One of the controversies facing the IASB is that their rules have permitted financial institutions to record substantial profits literally weeks before the same entities filed for bankruptcy. The problems are not confined to Wall Street and the City of London. Large manufacturing firms, particularly those with overseas entities have to grapple with the thorny subject of group accounts, consolidation and other ‘off balance sheet’ issues. Even areas like accounting for foreign exchange operations have proved difficult. Practitioners whether auditors, financial controllers, investment analysts or regulators need to identify precisely what the IASB are trying to achieve. To do this, a good understanding of the economics of various business transactions and financial instruments is essential. Many practitioners are at risk of applying the accounting standards blindly, leading to instances where the investor is mislead. From a legal perspective, this could cause problems. Accountants must not only comply with IFRS, they also need to keep in mind the accounting requirements of Company Law as well as the regulatory requirements imposed on financial institutions such Basel 3 (soon to be Basel 3). Insurance companies need to keep a close eye on the Solvency 2 issues and how these rules interact with the accounting requirements.

2. Overview
1. Introduction – Overview of IFRS standards 2. IAS 1 Presentation of Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement. 3. Treasury Accounting and Fair Value/IFRS 7 4. Consolidation/Off Balance Sheet 5. Revenue Recognition and Accounting for Leases 6. Share Issue, IFRS 2 and Pensions 7. Non Financial Assets Accounting and Impairment 8. Specialist Accounting, Insurance, Hedge Funds and Banking 9. Specialist Accounting Hedge Funds

Rather than list the accounting standards and explain what they contain, this course will look at the standards from a practitioners’ perspective, focusing on some of the more complex but common transactions that accountants face in real life. Using examples from published accounts we will examine the economic substance of the transaction and how the IFRS rules tackle it. In many cases, the accounting standards are not tailor made to every situation. For instance, the standards that apply to simple and straightforward Module One present an overview of the IFRS standards and in particular how they have changed the landscape in financial reporting. Prior to IFRS, creative accountants exploited a number of loopholes ranging from concealed loans to overstating profits and understating expenses and liabilities. There were inconsistencies across the world with different standard setters applying inconsistent rules to the same type of transactions. We will see in Module One how IFRS changed this and closed at least some of the loopholes that previously existed. Module Two looks at the format of the various accounting statements. Prior to IFRS we had the Profit & Loss account, Balance Sheet, Cash flow statement and Notes to the Account. The IFRS has changed the title of the first two to ‘the statement of comprehensive income’ and ‘the statement of financial position’. The format for the presentation is now more standardised and clearer. The objective of the IASB is to provide information that is relevant, reliable, comparable and understandable. The standard setters also require additional information if it will enable users to understand the impact of transactions and other events. Few could doubt that the world of the treasurer, particularly as it applies to international companies and financial institutions. Companies often raise funds overseas either using shares or loans and this exposes them to foreign exchange as well as interest rate risk. Many companies use financial instruments such as derivatives to hedge this exposure. Not only must accountants calculate the profit or loss on these financial instruments, they must also disclose the risk profile – a difficult task if accountants don’t understand these financial instruments in the first place. Module 3 covers this area in depth and in particular focuses on IAS 39 Financial Instruments – Recognition and Measurement along with its proposed replacement IFRS 9 Financial Instruments as well as IFRS 7 Financial Instruments, Disclosures. The credit crisis of the last few years has revealed that even under IFRS the difficult task of avoiding ‘off balance sheet’ accounting is still something that will tax the brains of accountants and financial regulators for many years to come. Many banks for instance failed because of poor regulation – the regulators had depended on information contained in published accounts only to find that the balance sheets concealed the extent to which these entities invested in toxic structured products. The IASB has come a long way in developing accounting standards that curtail Off Balance Sheet abuse, particularly after the Enron scandal in 2002. However, a lot remains to be done. In Module 4 we examine the current rules and how they may change in the short-term and long term. We also look at the problem of defining ‘control’ and the rules concerning non current assets available for sale. Revenue recognition and leases are covered in Module 5. In this module we examine how companies decide on their revenue policy and how it complies with IAS 18 Revenue. The revenue figure is probably the most important figure in a set of financial statements. However, its calculation must be consistent from year to year, otherwise comparisons are very difficult. Many companies of course try to inflate their sales revenue figure either to conceal problems or to simply make the entity look more profitable. We examine IAS 18 in detail and see how it is applied in practice. We also cover the controversial area of leasing and in particular how to distinguish between Operating and Finance leases. Module 6 covers share issues and in particular the complexities of share based payments and share option schemes. The problem of pension deficits and how to account for them are also explored. Module 7 covers Non Financial assets, their accounting and impairment. While Modules 1 to 7 are compulsory, delegates can choose either module 8a which covers insurance accounting or module 8b, investment and hedge funds. In both of these modules, we bring together all that was discussed in the earlier modules but focus on how they are adopted to suit specialized areas.

3. Areas of Concern — Mark-to-Market v Cost Accounting

3.1 Illustration Balance Sheet.

Consolidated statement of financial position at 31 December 2011, (£000)
An entities’ balance sheet can be broken down between assets, liabilities and equities. Obviously, as the illustration above shows, the assets must equal both the liabilities plus equity. The accounting equation is relatively straightforward but the practical implementation has proven to be both difficult and controversial. Questions that the IASB has yet to resolve completely are whether the assets should be shown at cost or market value. The same applies to liabilities. The ‘Shareholders’ Funds’ section has a different set of complexities, not unrelated to the debate surrounding Mark to market accounting.

Assets = Liabilities + Equity £281,800 = £102,800 + £179,000

Illustration Balance Sheet From an investors’ perspective, life would be ideal if all assets and liabilities were shown at economic or market value. The investor would then be able to see the amount of economic resources needed to generate profits and would be in a good position to determine if the company was run well and if the profits justified the resources used. Naturally, the investor is not only interested in the economic value of the assets used, but also the risks that the entity takes to generate the profits. There are a few reasons why the accounting standards, even those prepared under IFRS cannot meet these investor requirements. However, trends in the development of accounting standards suggest that the IASB, along with other accounting standard setters are moving towards this objective. One of the challenges that the IASB face is whether they should move towards Markto- Market accounting. This means showing assets and liabilities at their current market value as opposed to cost or some other measure. For the moment, the IASB has adopted a mixed model, some assets shown at cost and others at market value. In general, if an entity buys an asset which it intends to keep to maturity i.e. plant and equipment, bonds and inventory, cost accounting is generally used whereas if an entity buys an asset that is temporary in nature i.e. shares bought with then intention of reselling very soon, market value applies. For financial instruments like derivatives, the IASB, fearful of the accounting abuses that these instruments can create, require all entities to show these instruments at market value. This in theory prevents entities from hiding losses but as we shall see it does introduce a new set of problems. Many banks and corporates for instance have shown artificial profits based on the market value of derivatives which were difficult to value. Unfortunately, the rules are not black and white and are constantly changing. Very recently, the IASB has rolled out IFRS 9 which attempts to offer guidance on when assets should be shown at cost or at market value but even here, a lot of guesswork is required. Looking at the balance sheet in illustration one above, property tends to be shown at a value close to market value (particularly when revalued) but plant and equipment is shown at cost less amortization/depreciation. Goodwill, is normally shown at cost, even though its fair value could be much higher. Investments, trade debtors and derivative financial instruments are, on the other hand shown at their current market value, or a value close to that figure. Inventories are normally shown at cost on the balance sheet. Many accountants argue, that the move to mark-to-market accounting, which in general the IASB is moving towards, is fraught with danger. In the past, accountants made a distinction between ‘realised’ and ‘unrealised’ profits. Realised profits are the profits made when an asset is sold. The figure can normally be calculated with certainty. Unrealised profits are profits that the entity has not yet made, because the asset is not yet sold. Nevertheless, the entity expects to make them in the future. Often there is an element of subjectivity or grayness as to how these profits are calculated. Accountants, being prudent, often ignored unrealized profits until they were more certain ie became realised. However, under IFRS, entities are permitted (and sometimes even forced!) to recognise unrealized profits. One of the contributors of the banking crises was that banks claimed they were making profits, while they were bankrupt. They did this by assuming that certain assets had a value which was well above market value and so they were able to take an unrealized profit to the Profit & Loss account. The ‘mixed model’ problem is not confined to the assets on a balance sheet. The liability side of the balance sheet is also unclear. If an entity borrows money, this is normally shown at cost on the balance sheet (subject to interest charges and repayments). Derivatives such as interest rate swaps (often linked to liabilities) are, on the other hand shown at market value. The pension deficit/Retirement Benefit Obligation is extraordinarily complex but tends to be shown at market value. That is to say, the deficit is calculated based on the market value of assets in the pension fund and the present value of liabilities. Shareholders funds in broad terms comprises cash that shareholders have put into the firm together with profits that the shareholders are entitled to but have not yet received as dividends. These profits are known as retained earnings. Shareholders funds also includes, reserves such as the gain on the valuation of property and gains/losses on foreign exchange movements. These are in effect profits/losses but, unlike retained earnings, the entity is not allowed to treat them as available for distribution ie use them to finance dividends. There are a variety of reasons for this but the main one is that the profits are not ‘realised’ and therefore not certain. Later on, we will see how the IASB has improved the accounting standards to reflect economic reality but, so that we can better understand why the accounting standards are as complex as they are, we examine the ‘cost’ accounting model, its strengths and weaknesses, and analyse the ‘mark-to-market’ model in the same way. From this we will be able to see why the IASB has chosen the ‘mixed’ model and how the complexities of the accounting standards, evolved from this decision.

3.2 Cost Accounting and Cherry Picking

Traditionally assets on an entity’s balance sheet were shown at ‘cost’. In simple terms, if a company paid Euro 10 million for an asset it appeared on the balance sheet at Euro 10 million. This approach was straightforward and simple from an auditors’ perspective. The auditor simply had to check the invoice against the asset to confirm its value. A variation on cost accounting is ‘amortised’ cost. Here, the asset may have a useful life of ten years so, at the end of year four the asset would appear in the annual report at 6 million, the remaining 4 million treated as a depreciation expense in the Income statement. The advantage of this approach is that the treatment is black and white, there is no uncertainty but it does have two important disadvantages. Firstly, the asset does not reflect current economic value, and therefore the information is of limited use to the shareholder who would of course be interested in what the asset would get today if sold. More importantly, showing assets at cost creates a cherry picking opportunity. Illustration 2 Cherry Picking To illustrate, imagine a company bought four assets at the start of the year for Euro 1,000,000 each. At the end of the year, assets one, two and three fell in value to 300,000 while asset four climbed in value to 1,200,000. The entity sells the fourth asset to realise cash of 1,200,000 and records an accounting profit of 200,000 and leaves the remaining three assets on the books at Euro 1,000,000 each, despite the fact that they are only worth 300,000 each. Economically, it is clear to see that the entity has made a substantial loss of 1,900,000 though it is allowed to record an accounting profit of 300,000. Many directors, anxious to earn bonuses therefore deliberately bought assets which allowed them to realise profits and hide losses. In effect, these directors could exploit accounting rules and award themselves bonuses based on accounting profits when in reality the entities were loss making. Illustration 1.2 Cherry Picking

Seasoned accountants might argue that there are many rules on impairment both for financial assets and non financial assets that prevent this type of abuse from taking place. The IFRS certainly has complex rules on impairment both for non financial assets such as inventory, plant & machinery etc. and non-financial assets such as bonds, equities. However, as we shall see later, accountants often face practical problems when implementing these rules leaving a lot of loopholes open. The impairment of non-financial assets is covered by IAS 36 while the impairment of financial assets is covered in a different manner by the more controversial IAS 39 standard.

Foreign Exchange Illustration

A corporate trader working for a company that exports from Europe to American enters into two forward foreign currency contracts. Under contract 1 he agrees to deliver 14,000,000 dollars and receive Euro 10,000,0000 (assume that the market forward rate is $1.40 dollars equals Euro 1). Under contract 2, he does the exact opposite, ie agrees to deliver Euro 10,000,000 and receive $14,000,000. A month later the Euro becomes stronger moving to a new forward rate of $1.50 to Euro 1. The treasurer makes a profit on the first transaction of $1,000,000 but loses $1,000,000 under the second. As a result, the treasurer cashes in the first contract but leaves the second ‘off balance sheet’ which in effect means he ignores it for accounting purposes. Although the trader has not made an economic profit, contract one cancels contract 2, the trader was able to record an accounting profit of $1,000,000. IAS 39 now prevents this.

Prior to IAS 39 the accounting standard for financial instrument, traders were able to award themselves bonuses in this way and many tried it!. IAS 39, (described as one of the most controversial accounting standards ever written) was designed to curtail this practice. Under these rules, all forward contracts must be valued and appear on the balance sheet at the current market value. Treasurer were therefore unable to hide losses or fabricate profits — at least in theory.

3.3 Mark-to-Market accounting and ‘phantom’ profits

A potential solution to this problem is to require entities to show most, if not all their assets and liabilities at market value. In the above example, the assets were purchased for Euro 4 million and their market value at year end is only Euro 2,100,000. The result is that, under this simple example, the entity’s economic loss would be the same as its accounting loss. This would give shareholders a more realistic picture of what happened during the year and more importantly, it would avoid instances where company directors received an incentive based on accounting profits when in reality directors are being rewarded for entering into loss making transactions! Unfortunately, as with ‘cost’ accounting, ‘mark-to-market’ accounting brings about its own set of problems. For instance, entities like Enron were accused of artificially inflating the market value of an asset so that directors could record an accounting profit even though the entity was, in reality making a loss. In the financial world, the ‘Enron’ problem was compounded. A large number of banks across the world, bought complex structured securitisations which were difficult to value. The banks nevertheless claimed that, based on their valuation models, the market value of these complicated instruments had risen substantially in value. The result was that these entities were able to record an accounting profit even though the complicated instruments, (or ‘weapons of mass destruction’ as Warren Buffet referred to them) were making losses of such magnitude that they caused many banks to go bankrupt. Mark-to-market accounting therefore, instead of solving the problem of hidden losses, instead throws up additional problems.

3.4 Compromise

The IASB, along with virtually every standard setter across the world, have come up with a compromise solution. They have allowed entities to record some assets at ‘cost’ subject to amortization or depreciation and others at market value. While this might solve some of the problems outlined above, there is the risk that the ‘compromise’ will retain the disadvantages of both models above and in addition add confusion. Even for a seasoned accounting practitioner, it is not always clear whether an entity should show assets and market value or at cost. Naturally, some financial directors will attempt to fabricate profits and hide losses by selecting some assets for market value treatment and others for cost. Few could doubt that many of the IFRS rules are complex and difficult to implement. The complexity is necessary where we have this ‘mixed model’ or ‘compromise’ system. The challenges facing the IASB are herculean in nature.

4. Improvements under IFRS

4.1 Introduction

Accounting anomalies are created if a transaction, recorded in published accounts do not represent economic reality. Recording assets at cost on the balance sheet, when the market value is something different, allows and often encourages accounting manipulation (or creative accounting as it is sometimes known). The IFRS rules has certainly eliminated some of these creative accounting opportunities, by looking at the economic substance of the transaction before designing the most appropriate accounting standard. The list below, highlights some of the improvements that the IFRS project has encouraged.
• Share-based payments (employee benefits) IFRS 2
• Goodwill (business combinations) IFRS 3
• Pension accounting (employee benefits) IAS 19
• Consolidation IAS 27
• Debt vs equity classification IAS 32
• Loan impairment IAS 39
• Arrangement fees (effective interest rate) IAS 39
• Hedge & derivative accounting IAS 39
• Classification of financial instruments IAS 39

4.2 Share Based Payments IFRS 2

During the dot com era many companies which were loss making were able to record an accounting profit and therefore conceal from the shareholders the huge transfer of wealth that took place from shareholder to employee when companies issued their employees with shares for free or generous share option schemes. The illustration below shows how the abuse took place.
Illustration
– Share Based Payment Scheme Company X has a staff member on a salary of £100,000 a year. A consulting firm ‘Firm Y’ reaches an agreement with Company X whereby the staff member works through Firm Y but is hired out to Company X for £86,000. Firm Y then agrees to pay the staff member a salary of £70,000 but issues the staff member with shares in Firm Y worth £40,000 which the staff member sells immediately. It would appear that everyone benefits under this proposal. The company reduces its costs by £14,000. The consulting firm records a profit of £16,000 and the staff member concerned sees an effective increase in his salary of 10,000 ie he receives £70,000 salary plus £40,000 cash from shares in place of his old salary of £100,000. In reality the existing shareholders of the consulting firm suffer a loss of £40,000, since the issue of new shares for free means that the shareholders suffer a dilution in their investment. Under the IFRS 2 rules, the consulting firm must effectively increase shareholders funds by 40,000 and show the 40,000 as an expense in the Income statement. When the IFRS rule was introduced (along with its equivalent in America) there was a huge backlash from lobby groups who although successfully delayed the introduction of this rule, eventually capitulated.

Apart from recognising the expense in the income statement, the new rules require entities to disclose how employee share option schemes are calculated including details of any assumptions made.

4.3 Goodwill IFRS 3

Goodwill was another area where creative accountants saw loads of opportunities to fabricate profits and hide losses. Many companies found that they could hide their difficulties by taking over other companies and using confused accounting to conceal what was really happening.

Illustration Goodwill Company X is expected to announce losses of £10 million. It approaches Company Y whose physical assets are worth £40 million and offers to pay £55 million. Immediately prior to the takeover, Company X claims that the valuation of Y’s assets are not conservative enough and so revises the value down to £28 million. Company X nevertheless argues that the goodwill of Company Y is very valuable and so decides not to alter the purchase price. Immediately after the purchase, Company X consolidates the assets of Y into its books as follows ‘physical assets £28 million and goodwill £27 million. The total consideration £55 million is financed through loans of £55 million. Prior to the year end, the company sells the assets with a book value of £28 million for £40 million and records an accounting profit of £12 million. At the year end, instead of announcing a loss of £10 million as expected, the company records a profit of £2 million. The economics of the transaction are quite different from the accounting treatment. Company X has effectively overpaid by £15 million, since the company’s assets are only worth £40 million. However, instead of recording a loss of £15 million the company records a profit of £12 million, or to put it in other words, a loss of £27 million was buried in Goodwill.

IFRS 3’s solution to the problem is two-fold. Firstly, the assets taken over must be recorded at their correct market value. Under IFRS 3 therefore, Company X in the illustration above would not be able to revalue the physical assets down from £40 million to £28 million. Secondly, if Company X overpaid for Company Y (in this case it did by £15 million) the entity must write goodwill down to zero. Prior to IFRS Company X was allowed to keep the £15 million in Goodwill and amortise it over a number of years in the future. The net effect of IFRS 3 therefore is that Company X above is forced to record an accounting loss of £15 million instead of an accounting profit of £12 million. IFRS 3 therefore discouraged many takeovers where the focus of attention was an opportunity to enhance accounting profits rather than enter into transactions that were beneficial to shareholders. While the theory behind IFRS 3 is clear, the practical realities of implementing these rules are proving to be a lot more difficult. This is primarily due to the fact that the calculation of Goodwill is very subjective and auditors are often reluctant to write down Goodwill particularly when put under pressure by directors of the takeover entity. In the UK, major takeover deals by Lloyds TSB and Royal Bank of Scotland possibly recorded accounting profits in the year of takeover. It became clear however that both entities had overpaid significantly for their respective target companies, so much so that these transactions lead to the effective bankruptcy of both banks.

4.4 Pensions IAS 19

Pension accounting is an important area principally because, throughout the world, people are living longer and so pension promises offered by entities to current and former employees are more and more expensive to maintain. Prior to IAS 19 many companies offered very generous pensions to employees without bothering to inform the shareholder of the commitment that they were entering into. The result was that companies were building up huge hidden liabilities. Indeed, so generous were some of the promises that, governments around the world set up pension regulators to force companies to put sufficient money aside to meet future pension obligations. The IASB wisely decided that it was time for companies to treat as a liability, any promises made to employees. For instance, if an entity promised to pay a pension of Euro 30,000 to an employee for each year he survived after retirement, then the entity would have to estimate today, the value of that promise. If the employee was expected to live for another 20 years after retiring, the value of the pension and hence the liability that the company faces would be approximately Euro 600,000 subject to discounting. Of course many entities put aside money to meet these promises. Very often this money is invested in long-term investments such as shares. However, the money put aside, which we refer to as the pension asset, is often insufficient to meet the liability. The difference is known as the ‘pension deficit’. Although, IAS 19, the pension standard is very complex, where there is a deficit, it must generally appear as a liability on the balance sheet. Furthermore, if the pension deficit increases over the year, the increase must be treated as an expense in the Income statement. A lot of companies, worried about the impact that this would have on their Income statement have now decided to move away from giving generous promises. Instead, they promise to put money aside for their employee and then give this money to the employee when he retires. In other words, employers have stopped making generous promises to employees where they guarantee a fixed payment every year after retirement. They have done this in response to pension regulator concerns that these promises are too generous. The requirements of IAS 19 have also played a part as well in exposing the true cost to the shareholder of such generous promises. 4.5 Consolidation and Off Balance Sheet The problem of ‘Off Balance Sheet’ accounting is well over thirty years old. Complexities in the financial world and of global companies means that standard setters like the IFRS find it very difficult to deal with instances when companies should or should not consolidate. A major problem with off-balance sheet accounting is that entities can not only hide instances of where they borrowed money (keeping liabilities off the balance sheet) but also hide losses. A key feature of the recent banking crises was that entities borrowed money to buy assets that subsequently turned out to be loss making. The company hid both losses and assets. In the case of Lehman Brothers for instance approximately $50 billion of assets along with associated liabilities were concealed from the balance sheet and therefore from shareholders. The IASB is responding to this issue by trying to tighten up the rules on when entities are required to consolidate. It may be that the IASB will reintroduce the ‘prudence’ rules, discussed below. This will force auditors to recognise losses even on those assets which IAS 27 permit to be kept off the balance sheet.

4.6 Debt v Equity Classification

There are broadly two ways to fund a company, one is through equity (ie ordinary shares) and the other is through loans. Naturally, equity is the safest form of finance. Once money is invested in a company it cannot be returned to its shareholders and so the equity can be used to ‘absorb’ losses. Loans are different. If a bank or lender sees that a company is in difficulty and is making huge losses, the bank can force the company to repay its debt (or at least recover most of it). Although equity is a safer form of finance it is generally more expensive and does not offer the tax breaks that loan financing offers. Shareholders often prefer to have as little equity in the company as possible as this means that the profits are shared by fewer people. A controversy facing the IASB is that many companies want to use loan financing but conceal the amount of borrowing that they have taken on since they want to appear to be safe to the outside world. Corporate financers have seen an opportunity to meet this demand through what are known as ‘hybrid financial instruments’. In short, many of these instruments appear to be equity and therefore makes the company looks safe but in reality are loans and liabilities. IAS 32 is designed to ensure that these hybrid instruments are appropriately classified as either debt or equity. In comes cases the hybrid instrument is broken down between the debt component and the equity component.

Example- Convertible Bond

An entity is set up with ordinary shares of Euro 2 and issues a hybrid instrument, a convertible bond. Under the terms of the convertible bond, the entity pays a coupon of 6% on a notional of 1,000,000. The bond is expected to last for three years. The terms of the bond are that the investor is allowed to convert the bond to equity after three years. The entity uses the bond to buy a building which it rents out at 8%. If the company did not issue a convertible bond, its cost of borrowing would be 13%. Should the company treat this as equity or debt or a combination of both.? Prior to IAS 32, the guidance was unclear. Although some companies may have treated the funding as loans, some might have argued that the Convertible Bond had a high chance of being converted to shares and so would have treated the instrument as equity and it would have appeared under shareholders funds. IAS 32 has cleared up this confusion and, more importantly, along with IAS 39 (financial instruments) has ensured that the correct finance charge appears in the Income Statement. This transaction would probably have appeared profitable prior to IAS 32 but is in fact economically loss making. The company is effectively borrowing at 13% to buy an asset that has a yield of only 8%. Illustration 4 below illustrates how IAS 32 has an impact on the Income Statement. Prior to IAS 32, the investment in rental property, financed by borrowed money would have recorded an accounting profit, even though economically, it was loss making. IAS 32 makes the appropriate distinction between Equity and Liability. Under IAS 32, the cash flows associated with the loan (which has a coupon of 6%) are discounted at the entity’s true cost of capital 13%. The present value of the loan is therefore 834,719 and not 1,000,000. The remainder, 165,281 is treated as the proceeds that the entity receives on the sale of an option on its own shares and is therefore classified under ‘Shareholders Funds’ in the balance sheet. The interest on the loan is 834,719 at 13% = 108,514. The effective borrowing rate of 13% is used rather than the coupon of 6%. The result is that the IFRS approach is close to economic reality. This deal is of course loss making because the rental yield is 6% but the true cost of financing is 13%. The IFRS approach is therefore closer to economic reality.

Illustration 4 – Impact of IAS 32 on Income Statement

4.7 Loan Impairment

Pre IAS 39

One of the most controversial areas of IFRS is the treatment of ‘impaired loans’. Prior to IAS 39 accountants adopted a prudent principal when evaluating loans that got into difficulty or defaulted. IAS 39 has the effect of ‘overriding’ prudence concept with the result that the bad debts charge in the income statement is delayed, often by a few years, when a bank engages in reckless lending. An illustration will show where the difference arises. Bank X lends 1,000 3 year loans at Euro 1,000,000 each at the start of the year. During the year, 20 of the lenders default, the banks nevertheless recover 30% of the loans and a further 81 obligors are considered to be in difficulty but have not yet defaulted. Assume that the bank has initiated all loans at an interest rate of 5%. The 81 obligors who are in difficulty can still borrow money from other banks but must pay a high rate of interest of 16% to reflect the credit risk that they now pose. Prior to IAS 39, the bank would charge to the Income Statement, a specific charge of Euro 700,000 on each of the 20 loans that did default ie 1,000,000 less the 30% recovered. The total specific charge for the year would be Euro 14,000,000. The bank would also make a ‘general’ provision for the 81 loans that have not yet defaulted but are clearly in difficulty. The procedure would vary from bank to bank but in this case, the entity is only receiving 5% per year on loans whereas the market rate is 16%. So, ignoring discounting, the bank is effectively losing 11% for each of the three years, about 33% in total. The notional outstanding on the 81 loans is 81,000,000 but because of the 33% reduction, their combined ‘fair value’ is 54,000,000 therefore the bank needs to charge a further 27,000,000 to the income statement for the year. The combined specific charge of 14,000,000 and 27,000,000 is = 41,000,000 in the Income Statement.

Post IAS 39

The IASB has not changed the way that the 14,000,000 above is calculated but was concerned about the ‘general’ provision ie 27,000,000. The calculation of this figure is very subjective. In the past, banks exploited this by ‘smoothing’ the income statement. For instance in good years they would charge a very high general provision and in bad years they would release this general provision to the Income Statement claiming that they no longer needed it. The problem became very acute during takeovers. Suppose bank X took over bank Y. Bank X would create a huge general provision for bad debts and then release the general provision immediately after takeover, creating an artificial accounting profit. The controversial solution that the IASB adopted was not to allow a general provision. In the above case, the bank is not permitted to charge more than Euro 14,000,000 in the Income Statement even though the bank is aware that the remaining loans are likely to lose Euro 27,000,000 in value. Banks are in effect prevented from applying the ‘prudence’ concept which states that if an asset’s value is overstated, it must be impaired down to ‘fair value’. While this has removed the ability of banks to ‘smooth’ the Income Statement, it has introduced additional problems. For instance, prior to IAS 39 if a bank lent recklessly, ie charged a customer interest of 4% when it should have charged 20% given the risky nature of the loan, the auditor would, under the prudence principle, force the entity to charge as an expense to the Income Statement, the inherent loss on the loan. Under IAS 39 theauditor is prevented from doing so. According to the House of Lords in the UK, this abolition of the prudence principle has lead to reckless lending. Bankers in effect lent recklessly knowing that in the short-term, their bonuses would benefit from this form of lending. The House of Lords has called on the IASB to reexamine IAS 39 to remove this defect.

5. Prudence

Prior to the IFRS rules, local accounting standards which came into existance in most countries around 2005, virtually all accounting systems had to comply with Compnay Law. UK Company Law for instance required companies to be appropriately prudent and to apply substance over form. Prudence is contained in the law to protect creditors and shareholders from abuse by directors. Companies were required to make sure that any money invested by shareholders in the firm was maintained. In practice this meant that company law prevented entities from paying dividends unless the company had sufficient profits to finance these dividends. Without these capital maintenance rules, companies could easily turn into ‘ponzi’ type schemes whereby shareholders receive dividends which were financed from money that they originally invested in the company as opposed to profits.

6. Case Study Madoff Capital Maintenance

The IASB Framework, defines ‘capital’ and its relationship to the calculation of profit. To recap, an entity’s capital or equity is equal to its net assets and the framework defines income and expenses in terms of changes to net assets. An entity therefore that increases its capital over a period without injecting new capital or paying a dividend can record income as the change in capital over the period. It follows therefore that if the calculation of an entity’s capital is wrong ie by overstating assets or understating liabilities (the opposite of prudence) the company’s income statement will be wrong and the company may end up paying a dividend illegally. A loss making company that pays a dividend is of course fraudulent and ends up becoming like a ‘ponzi’ scheme, ie an entity finances a dividend not from profits but from the cash that the investor originally injected into the firm. As discussed previously, the IASB has reduced the importance of ‘prudence’ on the grounds that it may lead to inaccuracies. In doing so however, they may have permitted loss making entities to pay dividends. An entity is deemed to have ‘maintained’ its capita if it has as much capital at the end of an accounting period as it had at the start of that period. The amount of capital at the end of the period which exceeds the amount required to maintain the opening capital is profit or income. Bernard Madoff an American investment advisor who was a non-executive chairman of NASDAQ raised billions of dollars from investors and fabricated profits. In March 2009 he pleaded guilty to 11 federal crimes. In effect he misled shareholders leading them to believe that he made substantial profits. Based on these profits, Madoff awarded dividends to his customers. In reality, the profits were non existent, Madoff simply returned some of the money that the investor had already paid in. This of course was illegal from a number of fronts not least from a capital maintenance perspective. Under the Capital Maintenance rules contained in Company Law, companies are generally not permitted to return shareholders funds back to shareholders. The money must instead be used to cover potential losses and protect borrowers who are of course able to force the company to return any loans that they have made. IFRS was introduced to European Union listed companies in 2005. In many cases, but not all, the IFRS rules may not be in line with Company Law. There are strict capital maintenance rules contained in Company Law, which in effect require companies and banks to apply the Prudence concept. This is certainly true in the case of Ireland and the United Kingdom but may not be so in other European countries. For banks that record profits on complicated structured products or do not contain provisions for risky or questionable lending, auditors and accountants must make sure that they are in compliance both with Company Law and the IFRS rules. Where there is a clash, the accountant may have to make additional disclosures in the accounts. The underlying principle of prudence is that losses should be booked at the earliest opportunity and profits should not be recognised until earned. In practice this means that an entity must not understate its liabilities or overstate its assets. The adoption of IAS 39, the accounting standard that deals with financial instruments created controversy because it effectively abandoned the prudence concept. This standard allowed companies to record a profit on assets even though these assets were not yet sold. In many cases some of these assets acquired an artificially high value allowing companies to record profits that proved to be non existent. IAS 39 also allowed entities to overstate the value of certain financial instruments, including straightforward loans. Under the prudence rules, if an entity lends money recklessly ie lends to someone who ability to repay is doubtful, the entity must make a provision for potential losses. Under IAS 39 the entity is generally prevented, even it wants to, from recording a provision as IAS 39 used an ‘incurred loss’ instead of an ‘expected loss’ model. In plain English, this means that the borrower must default before the bank can write down the loan. There is the danger therefore that with IAS 39 some profits are overstated and some losses are hidden. In the UK, the House of Lords examined the IFRS rules in light of the recent banking crises. They concluded that the prudence concept should be restored as it allowed entities to hide losses and fabricate profits. Presently, in the UK IFRS is only applied to large listed companies and the intention is to eventually roll this out to smaller private companies. The House of Lords however has recommended that the government and regulators should not extend application of IFRS beyond the larger listed companies until the problem of prudence is resolved.

7. IFRS 7 Risk Disclosure

A potential investors is not only interested in past profits but also the risks that the entity faces. Pension fund managers have a different level of risk tolerance to that of many hedge fund managers. As the recent banking crises has shown, entities that are heavy users of financial instruments such as currency forwards, interest rate swaps, credit derivatives along with bonds and loans. In addition, entities that are heavily dependent on borrowings are much more risky than those entities financed predominantly from shareholders funds. The risks that these entities face can be broken down as follows: • Market Risk, • Credit Risk • Liquidity Risk and • Operational Risk Market risk is essentially the risk that an entity loses money through changes in interest rates, foreign exchange, commodity prices and equity prices. A small change in each of these variables can lead to a substantial swing in the Income statement, particularly if the entity concerned has borrowed heavily. Market risk is more important for hedge funds, pension funds, investment funds and banks and perhaps less important for straightforward manufacturing companies. Credit Risk is the risk that an entity loses money because a borrower defaults, but it also includes instances where a borrower does not default but gets into difficulty and the credit rating agencies downgrade their loans/bonds. This credit migration will obviously reduce the value of any loans that the troubled entity issues and it has an impact on the lender’s Income statement. Finally, credit concentration risks, covers the risk that an entity suffers a concentration of bad debts all at the same time, in many cases forcing bankruptcy. If a manufacturing entity lends too much money to the same customer or the same group of customers then a single default by a customer can trigger a number of defaults with the result that the lending entity too becomes bankrupt. Liquidity risk arises when an entity is solvent ie has more assets than liabilities but cannot liquidate their assets in time to meet their liabilities. A building form for instance might finance the building of a major shopping centre using bank overdraft facilities. This form of financing is of course inappropriate as the bank could call in its loan at short notice but the builder might not be able to liquidate its assets quickly enough to meet the bank’s demand. Ironically, although bank managers qre quick to remind their customers to manage their liquidity properly it was the failure of the banks themselves to finance themselves properly that lead to their collapse in many cases recently. Bankers borrowed money on the interbank market (the equivalent to overdrafts with other banks) and used this money to issue 20-30 year mortgages which proved to be very illiquid. Under IFRS 7 companies along with banks are required to disclose their policies on measuring and managing liquidity risk. Operational Risk is the risk that an entity loses money through a breakdown in procedures and can include fraud. This is often a major source of risk because, with the complexities of the treasury and financial world. many treasurers do not fully understand what they are buying and very often buy financial instruments that are too complicated to value and therefore incur the risk not only of buying loss making products but hiding those losses for a long period of time. There are numerous examples of local authorities, entities like Enron and even sophisticated banks, buying financial instruments that were loss making to begin worth. A real problem arises when traders award themselves bonuses on transactions that are loss making. This is an automatic recipe for bankruptcy and a major source of financial risk. The objectives of IFRS 7 is to require entities to provide disclosures in their financial statements that enable users to evaluate the significance of financial instruments for the entity’s financial position and performance and the nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments to which the entity is exposed. The entity must also reveal how to manage those risks. Many accounting practitioners believe that IFRS 7 is a ‘tall order’. Auditors would really need to understand the risks of even the most complex of financial instruments before satisfying themselves that what the entity says under IFRS 7 represents a ‘true and fair’ view. In reality, auditors are not always fully conversant with the complexities of toxic structured products or credit derivatives to evaluate how risky they are and so tend to rely on the entity concerned to reveal the risks under IFRS 7. Another practical problem with the implementation of IFRS 7 is that it is a broad based standard that both financial institutions such as hedge funds and international banks must follow but also applies to more straightforward manufacturing entities with relatively simple treasury operations. Some companies find these requirements too onerous and difficult to apply.

8. Categories of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

A practical problem that many readers of accounts face is the ‘mixed model’ that is used not only by the IASB but also by the American accounting standard setters. Some assets are shown at cost on the balance sheet and others are shown at market value. For a non accountant, (and even for an accountant) trying to understand the financial risks an entity faces, this mixed model poses problems. IFRS 7, the standard on disclosures attempts to resolve this problem by requiring an entity to disclose information that enables users of its financial statements to evaluate the significance of financial instruments for its financial position and performance. In essence, entities enable users of accounts to understand this by revealing which assets are shown at cost and which are shown at market value. The same applies to liabilities. IFRS 7 (paragraphs 9 -11) deals with financial assets and liabilities that are shown at market value on the balance sheet. Normally a change in the value of these items will have an impact on the Income statement. In broad terms, IFRS requires disclosure on the maximum exposure to credit risk and market risk that these assets contain. The entity must also reveal the extent to which these risks are ‘mitigated’ ie insured against. The entity must also reveal the market risk that are contained in these items.

9. Conclusion

This introductory module was designed to give you a broad brush overview of the challenges facing the accounting profession and how the International Accounting Standards Board, through the IFRS is trying to develop rules that are more consistent with economic reality. The IASB has successfully persuaded many countries to join up to the IASB system in the hope of encouraging greater consistency and clarity. They have also improved some of the standards to reduce the creative accounting opportunities exploited by entities that have subsequently failed, such as Enron. The recent turmoil in the financial markets however has revealed that many financial institutions are not operating as efficiently or as profitable as the publish accounts have lead their investors to believe. The House of Lords in the UK, examining the role of auditors in the recent credit crises has included recommendations, particularly in relation to prudence which should resolve some of the problems that have recently come to light. In the next seven modules we examine the accounting standards in more detail and give examples along with more detailed illustrations and practical case studies. The IFRS rules are changing at a fairly rapid pace. Changes are necessary to comply with Company Law and in America the Financial Advisory Crisis Group are examining ways in which the accounting standards can be improved, particularly in light of the recent credit crises. Throughout the course we will keep you up to date with all these changes and explain the significance of them in annual reports.

ИПП и Kreston International

28 июня 2011 Новости, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России Комментарии к записи ИПП и Kreston International отключены

ИПП и Kreston International

С 2004 года ИПП (Институт проблем предпринимательства) стал частью Международной сети аудиторских фирм Kreston International. Kreston представлен 18 600 профессионалами в 70 странах мира. Совокупная выручка сети в 2010 году составила 1, 673 млрд. долл. Название «Kreston» произошло от греческого слова, означающего «доверие», и в случае желания клиентов получить услуги по аудиту, налоговому планированию, сопровождению сделок, доверие — это основа предоставления высококачественных профессиональных услуг на глобальном международном уровне. Члены Kreston International привержены соответствию профессиональным стандартам своих стран, а также следующим международным стандартам: Международным Стандартам по Контролю Качества (ISQC), Международным Стандартам по Аудиту (ISA) при проведении транснациональных аудитов, Кодексу Этики, выпущенному Международным Советом по Этическим Стандартам для Бухгалтеров (IESBA).
Глобальная система мониторинга и обзора по контролю качества Kreston International обеспечивает мониторинг качества работы фирм-членов, занимающихся международным аудитом, как минимум каждые три года. Соответствующие обзоры включают оценку политик и процедур фирм-членов, интервьюирование ключевого персонала и обзор рабочих документов и файлов.
С 2011 года Kreston International стал полноправным членом Форума Фирм (the Forum of Firms). Форум – это ассоциация международных аудиторских сетей, ставящая своей целью продвижение последовательных и высококачественных стандартов финансовой отчетности и аудиторской практики по всему миру. Форум Фирм все более признается регуляторами и международными организациями как знак качества аудита.

Контакт — Сергей Модеров, АССА, тел +7 921 9450055, smoderov@ipp.spb.ru

Перевод терминов МСФО на русский язык

14 июня 2011 МСФО в строительстве, Новости, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России Комментарии к записи Перевод терминов МСФО на русский язык отключены

Ниже представлен перевод терминов Межднуродных стандартов финансовой отчетности на русский язык:
Вопросы — Сергей Модеров, АССА, тел +7 921 9450055
Amount recoverable Возмещаемая величина
‘Corridor’ коридор
‘Cost of sales’ method метод себестоимости продаж
Acceptable under IFRSs применимые, допустимые, приемлемые согласно МСФО
Accountability of management ответственность руководства
Accounting Бухгалтерский учет
Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans Учет и отчетность по пенсионным планам
accounting estimate Бухгалтерская оценка (требуется расширить)
Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance Учет государственных субсидий и раскрытие информации о государственной помощи
accounting for inventories учет запасов
Accounting for Investments in Associates Учет инвестиций в ассоциированные предприятия
Accounting income бухгалтерская прибыль
Accounting model учетная модель
accounting period Отчетный период
Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors Учетная политика, изменения в бухгалтерских оценках и ошибки
Accounting policy учетная политика
Accounting principle принцип учета
accounting profit бухгалтерская прибыль
Accounting record учетная запись
accounting treatment порядок учета
accounts receivable Дебиторская задолженность
Accrual basis принцип начисления
Accrual basis of accounting принцип начисления в бухгалтерском учете
Accrued liabilities Начисленные обязательства
Accumulated (amortisation, interest, profit or loss) накопленный (амортизация, проценты, прибыль или убыток)
accumulated profit or loss накопленная прибыль или убыток
accumulating compensated absences Накапливаемая заработная плата за непроработанное время
Achieve comparability достичь сопоставимости
acquired entity приобретенное предприятие
acquired goodwill приобретенный гудвил
acquired in a business combination Приобретенный при объединении бизнеса
Acquiree приобретенное предприятие/приобретаемое предприятие
Acquirer покупатель
Acquisition приобретение, покупка
acquisition date дата приобретения
active market активный рынок
active use Эксплуатация
actively marketed активно вести деятельность по продаже
actuarial assumptions Актуарные допущения
actuarial gains and losses актуарные прибыли и убытки
actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits актуарная приведенная стоимость причитающихся пенсионных выплат
Actuarial valuation актуарная оценка
Actuarial valuation method метод актуарной оценки
Additional comparative information Дополнительная сравнительная информация
Additional consideration дополнительное возмещение
additional disclosure Дополнительное раскрытие информации, пояснения, расшифровка
Adjust for consolidation procedures корректировка процедуры консолидации, корректировка с учетом процедуры консолидации
Adjusted weighted-average shares Средневзвешенное количество акций после корректировки
Adjusting event [after the balance sheet date] Корректирующее событие (после даты баланса)
adjustment корректировка
administrative expenses административные расходы
Admission fees вступительный взнос
advance Авансировать, предварительная оплата (аванс), авансовые платежи
adverse economic consequences неблагоприятные экономические последствия
adverse event неблагоприятное, событие
After-tax amount сумма за вычетом налогов
Agency агентство
aggregate агрегированный
Aggregation агрегирование
Agreement date дата соглашения, договора
agricultural activity сельскохозяйственная деятельность
agricultural produce сельскохозяйственная продукция
Agriculture сельское хозяйство
allocation распределение, отнесение
allowance Оценочный резерв, скидка
allowance account Счет резерва
allowed alternative treatment допустимый альтернативный порядок учета
American share option американский опцион на акции
amortisation амортизация, амортизация нематериальных активов, амортизация финансовых инструментов
amortisation method метод начисления амортизации
amortisation period срок амортизации
Amortised cost Амортизированная стоимость
Amortised cost of a financial asset or financial liability амортизированная стоимость финансового актива или финансового обязательства
amount of inventories величина запасов
amount payable сумма, подлежащая выплате; сумма к выплате, сумма кредиторской задолженности
Amount per share сумма на акцию
Amounts recognised [in the balance sheet and income statement] суммы, отраженные (в балансе и отчете о прибылях и убытках)
Analysis анализ
Annual leave ежегодный отпуск
Annual periods отчетный год, годовые периоды
annuitant аннуитент, получатель аннуитета
annuitisation
annuity аннуитет
Antidilution антиразводнение
Antidilutive антиразводняющий
Appendix приложение
Application of Requirements Применение требований
application supplement Дополнение к применению
appraisal оценка
Arm’s length transaction сделка между независимыми сторонами
Asking price цена предложения, цена продавца
assess оценивать
asset Актив
asset exchange transactions Операции обмена активами
Assets acquired активы, приобретенные
assets held by a long-term employee benefit fund активы фонда долгосрочного вознаграждения работников
assets retired from active use активы, активная эксплуатация которых прекращена
associate ассоциированное предприятие
Audit report аудиторское заключение
Authorise [financial statements for issue] утвердить (выпуск финансовой отчетности)
available-for-sale financial assets финансовые активы, имеющиеся в наличии для продажи
balance sheet баланс
balance sheet date Отчетная дата
balance sheet liability method балансовый метод расчета обязательств
bank банк
Bank overdraft банковский овердрафт
Bankruptcy банкротство
bargain purchase выгодное приобретение (покупка)
basic earnings per share базовая прибыль на акцию
basis adjustment основная корректировка
Basis for Conclusions основа для выводов
basis point базисный пункт
benchmark treatment основной порядок учета
beneficial contracts бенефициарные контракты
benefit выгода, выплата, польза
Benefit obligation обязательство по пенсионному плану
Benefit to users выгода для пользователей
best estimate наилучшая оценка
Bias необъективность, предвзятость
Bid bonds предложение, обеспеченное гарантийным обязательством
Bid price цена покупателя
bid-ask spread спрэд по спросу и предложению
binding sale agreement соглашение о продаже, имеющее обязательную силу
binomial биноминальный
biological asset биологический актив
biological transformation биотрансформация
Black-Scholes-Merton formula формула Блэка-Шоулза-Мертона
Board of directors совет директоров
Bonus issue выпуск акций на льготных условиях
bonus plan премиальная система
book of contracts группа договоров
book value балансовая стоимость
borrowing costs затраты по займам
bottom-up test тест «снизу-вверх»
business (коммерческая) деятельность, бизнес
Business combination объединение бизнеса
business combination involving entities or businesses under common control Объединение бизнеса, включающее предприятия или виды коммерческой деятельности, находящиеся под общим контролем
Business Combinations Объединения бизнеса
Business Combinations – “Date of Exchange” and Fair Value of Equity Instruments Объединения бизнеса — «дата обмена» и справедливая стоимость долевых инструментов
Business Combinations — Classification either as Acquisitions or Unitings of Interests Объединения бизнеса – классификация в качестве приобретения или объединения интересов
Business Combinations — Subsequent Adjustment of Fair Values and Goodwill Initially Reported Объединения бизнеса – последующая корректировка справедливой стоимости и первоначально отраженного гудвила
business segment бизнес-сегмент
Business unit бизнес-единица
Buying segment сегмент-покупатель
By-product побочный продукт
Call options опцион кол
callable отзывной
Cap «кэп»
cap and trade scheme DO NOT TRANSLATE
capital капитал
capital appreciation прирост стоимости капитала
capital asset pricing model ценовая модель оценки долгосрочного актива
capital contribution взнос в капитал
capital expenditure капитальные затраты
capital gain прирост стоимости активов
capital maintenance поддержание величины капитала
capital maintenance adjustment корректировки, обеспечивающие поддержание капитала
capitalisation капитализация
Capitalisation of interest капитализация процентов
capped interest rate DO NOT TRANSLATE
carried at cost учитываемый по себестоимости
carry forward переносить на будущие периоды
Carrying amount балансовая стоимость
cash денежные средства
Cash basis кассовый метод
cash equivalents эквиваленты денежных средств
cash flow движение денежных средств, поток денежных средств
cash flow hedge хеджирование денежных потоков
cash flow risk риск, связанный с потоками денежных средств
Cash flow statement = Statement of cash flows отчет о движении денежных средств
Cash Flow Statements Отчеты о движении денежных средств
cash generating unit единица, генерирующая денежные средства
Cash inflow поступление денежных средств
Cash on hand денежные средства в кассе
cash outflow выбытие денежных средств
cash payments денежные платежи, денежные выплаты
cash price equivalent эквивалент цены при условии немедленного платежа денежными средствами
Cash proceeds денежные поступления
cash surrender value возмещаемая стоимость при отказе (от страхового полиса)
cash-settled share option опцион на акции, расчет по которому производится денежными средствами
операция, предполагающая выплаты, основанные на акциях, расчеты по которым производятся денежными средствами операция платежа, основанного на акциях, расчет по которой производится денежными средствами
Catastrophe bond катастрофические облигации
catastrophe provisions резервы по катастрофическим рискам
cedant цедент
Certificates of deposit депозитный сертификат
Cessation of capitalisation прекращение капитализации
Chief executive officer генеральный директор, руководитель предприятия
Claim претензия, требование
Class A preference share привилегированная акция класса А
Class of assets вид активов
class of financial asset класс финансовых активов
class of property, plant and equipment вид (класс) основных средств
Classification классификация
Classification of Financial Instruments – Contingent Settlement Provisions Классификация финансовых инструментов – оценочные обязательства по условному погашению
classification of inventory классификация запасов
clean-up call опцион на окончательную покупку
close members of the family of the individual ближайшие члены семьи частного лица
Closing market prices рыночные цены закрытия
closing rate курс закрытия
collar колар
collateral залог, обеспечение
Collateralised (asset, borrowing) переданный в залог актив, обеспеченный залогом займ
Collectability собираемость
Collection сбор, получение денег
collective marks DO NOT TRANSLATE
collective power коллективное право
combined instrument комбинированные инструменты
Commencement начало действия
commencement of the lease term начало срока
commercial loans DO NOT TRANSLATE
commercial paper facilities DO NOT TRANSLATE
commercial substance коммерческое содержание
commercially viable quantities of mineral resources коммерчески целесообразные количества запасов полезных ископаемых
commission комиссионные вознаграждения
commitment обязанность
Commodity товар
comparability сопоставимость
Comparability over time сопоставимость информации за разные периоды, сопоставимость во времени
Comparable interim period сопоставимые промежуточные периоды
Comparative balance sheet сравнительный баланс
Comparative information сравнительная информация
Compensated absences заработная плата за непроработанное время
complementary assets взаимодополняющие активы
Completeness полнота
compliance period DO NOT TRANSLATE
compliance with International Accounting Standards соответствие Международным стандартам финансовой отчетности
Component компонент
Compound financial instruments Комбинированные финансовые инструменты
compound instrument комбинированный инструмент
Concentration of (credit etc) risk концентрация (кредитного и т.п.) риска
confidence level степень достоверности
configuration of the cash flows структура денежных потоков
Consequential amendment логически вытекающее изменение
consideration возмещение
Consistency — Alternative Methods Последовательность – альтернативные методы
Consistency — Capitalisation of Borrowing Costs Последовательность — капитализация затрат по займам
Consistency — Different Cost Formulas for Inventories Последовательность – различные способы расчета себестоимости запасов
Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements Консолидированная и индивидуальная финансовая отчетность
Consolidated balance sheet консолидированный бухгалтерский баланс
consolidated financial statements консолидированная финансовая отчетность
Consolidated Financial Statements and Accounting for Investments in Subsidiaries консолидированная финансовая отчетность и учет инвестиций в дочерние предприятия
Consolidated group консолидированная группа
consolidation консолидация
consolidation adjustments корректировки для консолидации
Consolidation and Equity Method – Potential Voting Rights and Allocation of Ownership Interests Консолидация и метод долевого участия – потенциальные права голоса и распределение долей владельцев
Consolidation purposes цели консолидации
Consolidation—Special Purpose Entities Консолидация—предприятия специального назначения
construction contract договор на строительство
Construction Contracts Договоры на строительство
constructive obligation обязательство, обусловленное сложившейся практикой (конклюдентное)
contingency условный факт хозяйственной деятельности
contingent asset условный актив
contingent liability условное обязательство
contingent rent условная арендная плата
contingent settlement provision Положение договора об осуществлении расчетов при определенных условиях
Contingent share agreement Договор об эмиссии акций, приуроченной к определенному событию
Contingently issuable shares Акции, эмитируемые при наступлении определенных событий
continuing involvement продолжающееся участие.
Continuing operations продолжающаяся деятельность
contract договор, контракт
Contracts that may be settled in (ordinary) shares or cash Договоры, расчеты по которым могут осуществляться путем уступки (обыкновенных) акций или денежными средствами
contractual arrangement положение договора
contractual cash flows предусмотренные договором потоки денежных средств
contractual maturity analysis анализ договорных сроков погашения
contractual obligation обусловленное (предусмотренное) договором обязательство, договорное обязательство
contractual rights Договорные права, обусловленные договором права
Contribution взнос, вклад
contributor участник
control контроль
Control (of an asset) контроль над активом
Control (of an enterprise) контроль над предприятием
Control number контрольный показатель
controlled entity контролируемое предприятие
convenience translation пересчет для удобства
Convergence слияние, сближение
Conversion option опцион на конвертацию, возможность конвертации
Convertible bonds конвертируемые облигации
Convertible debt конвертируемый долговой инструмент
Convertible instruments Конвертируемые инструменты
Convertible preference share Конвертируемые привилегированные акции
co-operative кооператив, кооперативный
Copyright авторское право
core goodwill DO NOT TRANSLATE
Corporate assets активы корпорации
cost себестоимость
cost formula способ расчета себестоимости
Cost method метод учета по фактическим затратам
cost model модель учета по фактическим затратам
Cost of an acquisition затраты на приобретенине
cost of an asset acquired in exchange or part exchange for dissimilar asset стоимость актива, приобретенного в обмен или путем частичного обмена на иной, отличный актив
cost of an asset acquired in exchange or part exchange for similar asset стоимость актива, приобретенного в обмен или путем частичного обмена на аналогичный актив
cost of an investment фактическая стоимость инвестиций
Cost of conversion затраты на переработку
cost of inventories себестоимость запасов
Cost of Inventories of a Service Provider себестоимость незавершенного производства у поставщика услуг (correct: себестоимость запасов поставщика услуг)
cost of purchase затраты на приобретение
cost plus contract договор «затраты плюс»
cost plus method метод «затраты плюс»
Cost recovery approach подход на основе возмещения затрат
Cost-based measurement оценка по фактическим затратам
costs of conversion Затраты на переработку
costs of disposal затраты на выбытие
Costs of Modifying Existing Software Затраты на модификацию имеющегося программного обеспечения
costs to sell расходы на продажу
counterparty Контрагент
country of incorporation or residence страна юридической регистрации или местонахождения
coupon DO NOT TRANSLATE
credit derivative default product производный инструмент в отношении невыполнения обязательств по кредитам
credit enhancements механизмы повышения качества кредита (банк.)/кредитного качества (бирж.)
credit exposures подверженный кредитному риску
credit facilities механизмы кредитования
credit insurance contract договор страхования кредитных рисков
credit quality DO NOT TRANSLATE
credit risk кредитный риск
credit spread кредитный спред (спрэд)
Creditors кредитор
Creditworthiness кредитоспособность, платежеспособность
criteria for recognising критерии признания
cross-reference перекрестная ссылка
CTDs накопленные разницы по пересчету валют
cumulative preference dividends дивиденды по привилегированным кумулятивным акциям
Cumulative Translation Differences Накапливаемые (накопленные) разницы от пересчета валют
currency risk валютный риск
Currency translation перевод из одной валюты в другую
Currency units денежные единицы
current asset Краткосрочный актив
current cost текущая стоимость
current cost approach метод учета по восстановительной стоимости
Current investment краткосрочная инвестиция
current liabilities краткосрочные обязательства
current service cost стоимость услуг, полученных в текущем периоде
current tax текущий налог
curtailment секвестр пенсионного плана
cushions DO NOT TRANSLATE
customer list списки клиентов
database база данных
date of acquisition дата приобретения
date of exchange дата обмена
Date of transition to IFRS дата перехода на МСФО
dealing securities ценные бумаги для дилерских операций
death benefit возмещение по случаю смерти
debt долг, задолженность
Debt instrument долговой инструмент
Debt securities долговые ценные бумаги
Decision tree схема решения
Decision-useful information информация, полезная для принятия решений.
decommissioning вывод объектов из эксплуатации
decommissioning costs затраты по выводу объектов из эксплуатации
decommissioning funds фонды (финансирования ) вывода объектов из эксплуатации
decommissioning obligations обязательства по выводу из объектов эксплуатации
decommissioning, restoration and environmental rehabilitation funds фонды финансирования вывода объектов из эксплуатации, восстановления занимаемых ими участков и экологической реабилитации
deductible temporary difference вычитаемая временная разница
Deemed cost предполагаемая стоимость
defer отложить, перенести, отсрочить
deferral method метод отсрочки
deferred acquisition costs отложенные затраты на приобретение
Deferred tax отложенный налог
deferred tax assets отложенные налоговые активы
deferred tax income отложенный доход от возмещения налога
deferred tax liabilities отложенные налоговые обязательства
defined benefit liability обязательства по пенсионному плану с установленными выплатами
defined benefit obligation обязательства по пенсионному плану с установленными выплатами
Defined benefit obligation (present value of) (приведенная стоимость) обязательства по пенсионному плану с установленными выплатами
defined benefit plans пенсионные планы с установленными выплатами
defined contribution plans пенсионные планы с установленными взносами
Demand deposits депозиты до востребования
demand feature требуемое свойство
Demerger отделение, выделение
demonstrably committed формально обязанный
deposit accounting депозитный учет
deposit component депозитная составляющая
Depreciable amount амортизируемая величина
Depreciable assets амортизируемый актив
depreciated replacement cost approach подход / метод учета на основе стоимости замещения (остаточная стоимость замещения)
depreciation амортизация основных средств
Depreciation methods методы амортизации
Derecognise (a financial instrument) Прекратить отражать в балансе, списать с баланса
derecognition Прекращение отражения в балансе, списание с баланса
derivative производный финансовый инструмент, дериватив
derivative features производные характеристики
derivative financial instruments производные финансовые инструменты, деривативы
designated and effective hedging instrument определенные и эффективные инструменты хеджирования
determination of cost определение затрат
Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease определение наличия в соглашении договора аренды
development разработка
development costs затраты на разработки
diluted earnings per share разводненная прибыль на акцию
Dilution разводнение
Dilutive effect эффект разводнения, разводняющий эффект
dilutive potential ordinary shares разводняющие потенциальные обыкновенные акции
diminishing balance method Метод уменьшающегося остатка
direct insurance contract договор прямого страхования
direct labour прямые затраты на оплату труда
direct method of reporting cash flows from operating activities прямой метод составления отчета о движении денежных средств от операционной деятельности
direct operating expenses прямые операционные расходы
directly attributable непосредственно (напрямую) относящиеся, прямые
Directors директора
disaggregated information детализированная информация
Disclose раскрывать, пояснять
Disclosure раскрытие информации, пояснение, расшифровка
Disclosure and Presentation раскрытие и представление информации
Disclosure of government assistance раскрытие информации о государственной помощи
disclosure requirement требование к (по) раскрытию информации
Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions раскрытие информации в финансовой отчетности банков и аналогичных финансовых учреждений
Disclosure—Service Concession Arrangements Раскрытие информации – концессионные соглашения на предоставление услуг
Discontinued (operations) прекращенная (деятельность)
discontinuing operation прекращаемая деятельность
discount rate ставка дисконтирования
discounted basis дисконтированная основа
Discounting дисконтирование
discretionary participation feature негарантированная возможность получения дополнительных выгод
disposal consideration возмещение при выбытии,
disposal group выбывающая группа
disposal plan план по выбытию
disposal transaction операция выбытия
dissenting opinion Несовпадающее мнение
Dividend yield доходность по дивидендам
dividends дивиденды
domain name имя домена
doubtful debts сомнительные долги
downstream transactions операция «сверху вниз»
dual listed corporation корпорация с двойным листингом
dual trigger contract
Earlier application is encouraged Досрочное применение приветствуется
earnings прибыль, доход, вознаграждение
earnings — diluted прибыль- разводненная
Earnings contingency Условная прибыль
Earnings per Share прибыль на акцию
Earnings Per Share — Financial Instruments and Other Contracts that May Be Settled in Shares Прибыль на акцию – финансовые инструменты и другие договоры, расчеты по которым могут осуществляться путем уступки акций
Economic benefits экономические выгоды
economic decision-making needs of users информационные потребности пользователей финансовой отчетности при принятии экономических решений
economic life срок полезного использования
Effect of assumed conversions Эффект от предполагаемых конвертаций
Effective date дата вступления в силу
effective interest method метод эффективной ставки процента
effective interest rate эффективная ставка процента
Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates Влияние изменений обменных курсов валют
Elements of cost of exploration and evaluation assets элементы себестоимости активов, связанных с разведкой и оценкой
eligible for capitalisation разрешенный для капитализации
Elimination of Unrealised Profits and Losses on Transactions with Associates Исключение нереализованных прибылей и убытков по операциям с ассоциированными предприятиями
embedded derivative встроенный производный инструмент
emission rights DO NOT TRANSLATE
employee benefits вознаграждения работникам
Employee share ownership plan схема участия работников в капитале
employee share purchase plan планы покупки акций работниками
Employee turnover rates показатели текучести кадров
employees and others providing similar services работники и другие лица, оказывающие аналогичные услуги
Employer payroll taxes and insurance contributions Налоги на заработную плату и страховые взносы, уплачиваемые работодателями
Enactment принятие закона, введение закона в силу
enforcement of covenants
Enhanced Disclosure раскрытие большего объема информации
enterprise предприятие
Enterprises whose shares are (not) publicly traded предприятия, акции которых свободно (не) обращаются на рынке
Entity предприятие
entity-specific value стоимость специфичная для предприятия
environmental obligations обязательства по охране окружающей среды
equalisation provisions резервы на выравнивание убыточности
equity Капитал
Equity — Costs of an Equity Transaction капитал – затраты по операциям с капиталом
equity accounted investment инвестиции, учитываемые по методу долевого участия
Equity Accounting Method — Recognition of Losses Метод долевого участия – признание убытков
equity balances Сальдо по статьям капитала
Equity capital собственный капитал
Equity compensation benefits(=Stock (=Share) compensation benefits) компенсационные выплаты долевыми инструментами
Equity compensation plans (=Share (=Stock) compensation plans) планы компенсационных выплат долевыми инструментами
Equity component Компонент капитала, статья капитала
equity holders владельцы собственного капитала (долевых инструментов)
equity index индекс собственного капитала
equity instrument Долевой инструмент
equity instrument granted предоставленный долевой инструмент
equity interests доли в капитале
equity issue выпуск капитала
equity method метод долевого участия
equity securities долевые ценные бумаги
equity-settled share‑based payment transaction операция, предполагающая выплаты, основанные на акциях, расчеты по которым производятся долевыми инструментами
estimated costs расчетные (предолагаемые) затраты
estimated future cash flows расчетные будущие потоки денежных средств
European share option европейский опцион на акции
Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease определение сущности операций, имеющих юридическую форму аренды
Event-driven fair value measurements оценка справедливой стоимости, вызванная событиями (вызванная определенными событиями)
Events After the Balance Sheet Date события после балансовой даты
Events occurring after the balance sheet date события, возникающие после балансовой даты
evidence of impairment подтверждение обесценения
exchange difference курсовая разница
exchange of assets обмен активами
exchange rate обменный курс валют
exchange transaction операция обмена
Executory contract договор в стадии исполнения
Exemptions исключения
Exercise date дата исполнения
Exercise of rights осуществление (использование) прав
Exercise price цена исполнения
existing liability существующее обязательство
Expected value ожидаемая стоимость
expenditure затраты
expenses расходы
experience account DO NOT TRANSLATE
experience adjustments текущие регулирующие поправки
Expiry date дата истечения срока
Explicit and unreserved statement of compliance четкое и безоговорочное заявление о соответствии
exploration and evaluation assets активы, связанные с разведкой и оценкой
exploration and evaluation expenditures затраты, связанные с разведкой и оценкой
Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources Разведка и оценка запасов полезных ископаемых
Exposure draft предварительный вариант стандарта (интерпретации)
expropriation of major assets экспроприация большей части активов
extraordinary items чрезвычайные статьи
Face (of Financial Statements or Notes) непосредственно в формах финансовой отчетности или в примечаниях к ним
fair presentation достоверное представление
fair value справедливая стоимость
fair value hedge хеджирование справедливой стоимости
Fair value measurement оценка по справедливой стоимости
Faithful representation правдивое представление
Fees выплаты, гонорары
Fellow subsidiary другое дочернее предприятие
Fidelity bonds гарантийное обязательство в отношении потенциальных убытков работодателя
fiduciary activities фидуциарные операции
FIFO ФИФО
FIFO formula метод ФИФО
Finance lease финансовая аренда (финансовый лизинг)
Finance lease obligations обязательства по финансовой аренде
Financial asset финансовый актив
financial asset or financial liability at fair value through profit or loss финансовый актив или финансовое обязательство, оцениваемые по справедливой стоимости, изменения которой отражаются в составе прибыли или убытка за период
Financial asset or liability held for trading финансовый актива или обязательство, предназначенное для торговли
Financial capital финансовый капитал
financial conglomerate DO NOT TRANSLATE
Financial guarantee финансовая гарантия
Financial institution финансовый институт
Financial instruments финансовые инструменты
Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation Финансовые инструменты: раскрытие и представление информации
Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement IAS 39
financial liability финансовые обязательства
Financial performance финансовые результаты
financial position финансовое положение
financial reporting финансовая отчетность
Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies Финансовая отчетность в гиперинфляционной экономике
Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures Отражение совместной деятельности в финансовой отчетности
Financial review финансовый обзор
financial risk финансовый риск
financial statements финансовая отчетность
Financial year-to-date basis нарастающий итог на основе финансового периода с начала года до текущей даты
financing activities финансовая деятельность
Financing device способ финансирования
Finished good готовая продукция
firm commitment твердое обязательство
firm purchase commitment обязательство по покупке с фиксированными условиями
firm sales contracts договор продажи с фиксированными условиями
First IFRS financial statements первая финансовая отчетность по МСФО
first-in, first-out первое поступление — первый отпуск
First-time adopter предприятие, впервые применяющее МСФО
First-time adoption первое применение
First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards первое применение Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности
First-time Application Первоначальное принятие Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности
First-Time Application of IASs as the Primary Basis of Accounting Применение МСФО впервые в качестве основополагающих принципов учета
Fixed asset Основные средства
fixed coupon rate DO NOT TRANSLATE
Fixed price contract договор с фиксированной ценой
fixed production overheads постоянные производственные накладные расходы
flat yield curve DO NOT TRANSLATE
Floating rate плавающая ставка
Floor «флор»
Forecast прогноз, прогнозируемый
forecast transaction прогнозируемая операция
foreign currency иностранная валюта
foreign currency derivatives производные финансовые инструменты в иностранной валюте, валютные деривативы
foreign currency transaction операция в иностранной валюте
foreign entity зарубежное предприятие
Foreign Exchange — Capitalisation of Losses Resulting from Severe Currency Devaluations Обмен валют — капитализация убытков, возникающих в результате сильных девальваций валюты
foreign exchange contract валютный контракт
Foreign Exchange Rates обменные курсы валют
foreign operation иностранное подразделение
forgivable loans условно-безвозвратные займы
forward contract форвардный контракт
forward repurchase agreement форвардное соглашение об обратном приобретении
Framework Концепция
Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements Концепция подготовки и представления финансовой отчетности
Franchise fee вознаграждение за франчайзинг
Function of expense функция затрат
functional currency функциональная валюта
fundamental errors фундаментальные ошибки
Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies фундаментальные ошибки и изменения в учетной политике
funding предоставление средств
future cash flow Будущие потоки денежных средств
future economic benefit будущая экономическая выгода
futures contract фьючерсный контракт
GAAP ОПБУ
gain on disposal прибыль от выбытия
gains Доходы
general purchasing power approach подход на основе общей покупательной способности
general recognition principle основной принцип признания
geographical segments географические сегменты
going concern непрерывность деятельности предприятия
goodwill гудвил
governing board руководящего органа
governing body орган управления
governing charter устав предприятия
government правительство
government assistance государственная помощь
Government Assistance—No Specific Relation to Operating Activities Государственная помощь – отсутствие конкретной связи с операционной деятельностью
government grants государственные субсидии
government guarantee гарантия государства
grant date дата возникновения взаимных обязательств
grants related to assets субсидии, относящиеся к активам
grants related to income субсидии, относящиеся к доходу
gross investment in the lease валовые инвестиции в аренду
Gross margin валовая прибыль
Gross profit валовая прибыль
Group группа
Group administration (employee benefit) plans совместно управляемые пенсионные планы
group insurance contract групповой договор страхования
Group of assets группа активов
group of biological assets группа биологических активов
Grouping of assets группировка активов
Guarantee гарантия
guarantee fund гарантийный фонд
guaranteed residual value гарантированная ликвидационная стоимость
Harmonise согласовывать
harvest Получение сельскохозяйственной продукции
Hedge accounting учет хеджирования
hedge effectiveness эффективность хеджирования
hedged item хеджируемая статья
hedging хеджирование
hedging instrument инструмент хеджирования
Hedging relationship отношение хеджирования
Hedging reserve резерв по хеджированию
held for resale предназначенные для перепродажи
held for trading предназначенные для торговли
held-to-maturity investment инвестиция, удерживаемая до погашения
highly probable в высшей степени вероятный
hire-purchase contract договор аренды с правом выкупа
historical cost историческая стоимость
historical loss experience прошлый опыт возникновения убытков
Historical summaries Сводки данных (информации) за предыдущие периоды
holding company холдинговая компания
Host contract основной договор
host instrument основной инструмент
hybrid instrument гибридный инструмент
hyperinflation гиперинфляция
Hyperinflationary economies гиперинфляционная экономика
IAS МСФО (IAS)
IASC КМСФО
IASC Foundation Constitution Устав Фонда КМСФО
IASCF ФКМСФО
Identifiable asset идентифицируемый актив
IFAC МФБ
IFRIC Международный комитет по интерпретации стандартов финансовой отчетности
IFRS МСФО (IFRS)
IFRS-compliant соответствует (соответствующий) МСФО
impairment обесценение, снижение стоимости
impairment loss убыток от обесценения
Impairment of Assets обесценение активов
Impairment test тест на обесценение
Implementation Guidance руководство по применению
Import duties импортные пошлины
impracticability exemption освобождение по причине практической невозможности
impracticable невыполнимый, практически невозможный
imputed rate of interest вмененная ставка процента
in the money опцион «в деньгах»
Inception of the Lease дата начала арендных отношений
incidental income случайный доход
incidental operations побочные операции
income доход/прибыль
income approach в зависимости от контекста
Income statement = Statement of income отчет о прибылях и убытках
income tax налог на прибыль
income tax expense расход по уплате налога на прибыль
Income Taxes налог на прибыль
Income Taxes—Changes in the Tax Status of an Enterprise or its Shareholders Налоги на прибыль – изменения налогового статуса предприятия или его акционеров
Income Taxes—Recovery of Revalued Non-Depreciable Assets Налоги на прибыль – возмещение переоцененных неамортизируемых активов
Increasing Rate Preference Shares Привилегированные акции с растущей нормой дивидендов
Incremental share дополнительная акция
Indicator [of impairment] показатель (индикатор) обесценения
indirect method of reporting cash flows from operating activities косвенный метод составления отчета о движении денежных средств от операционной деятельности
individual asset отдельный актив
individual financial statements отдельная финансовая отчетность
Induced conversion вынужденная конвертация
Industry segments отраслевые сегменты
Inflation инфляция
Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices Информация, отражающая влияние изменения цен
initial classification первоначальная классификация
Initial Direct Costs первоначальные прямые затраты
Initial disclosure event (for a discontinuing operation) событие, определяющее момент первоначального раскрытия (для прекращаемой деятельности)
Initial measurement первоначальная оценка
Initial public offering первоначальное открытое предложение
initial recognition первоначальное признание
in-substance defeasance «по существу аннулирование»
insurable interest страхуемый процент, страхуемая доля
Insurance agency commissions Комиссионное вознаграждение страховой компании
insurance assets активы, связанные со страхованием
insurance company страховая компания
Insurance contract договор страхования
Insurance Contracts договоры страхования
Insurance enterprise страховая компания
insurance liability страховое обязательство
insurance obligations (принятые на себя) обязанности по договорам страхования
insurance risk страховой риск
insurance swaps страховые свопы
insured event застрахованное событие
insurer страховщик
intangible asset нематериальный актив
Intangible Assets нематериальные активы
Intangible Assets—Web Site Costs нематериальные активы — затраты на веб-сайт
integral foreign operation неотъемлемая зарубежная деятельность
interest доля участия, процент, доля
interest cost (for an employee benefit plan) затраты на проценты (для пенсионного плана с установленными выплатами)
interest rate implicit in a lease ставка процента, подразумеваемая в договоре аренды
interest rate implicit in the lease Ставка процента, подразумеваемая в договоре аренды
interest rate risk процентный риск
interest rate strip стрип по процентной ставке
Interest rate swap своп по процентной ставке
interest-only strip процентный стрип
Interests in Joint Ventures участие в совместной деятельности
interim financial report промежуточная финансовая отчетность
Interim Financial Reporting промежуточная финансовая отчетность
interim financial statements промежуточная финансовая отчетность
interim period промежуточный период
internal rate of return внутренняя ставка доходности
internal risk transfer передача внутренного риска
Internally generated созданный самим предприятием, самостоятельно созданный
Internally generated goodwill Внутренне-созданный гудвил
International Accounting Standard Международный стандарт финансовой отчетности (IAS)
International Accounting Standards Committee Комитет по международным стандартам финансовой отчетности
International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation Фонд Комитета по международным стандартам финансовой отчетности
International Federation of Accountants Международная федерация бухгалтеров
International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee Международный комитет по интерпретации стандартов финансовой отчетности
International Financial Reporting Standard Международный стандарт финансовой отчетности (IFRS)
intragroup внутригрупповые
intrinsic value внутренняя стоимость
Introduction of the Euro введение евро
inventories запасы
investee объект инвестиций
investing activities инвестиционная деятельность
investment Инвестиция
investment contract инвестиционный договор
Investment enterprise инвестиционное предприятие
investment grade DO NOT TRANSLATE
Investment performance рузультат инвестиционной деятельности
Investment Property Инвестиционное имущество
investment securities инвестиционные ценные бумаги
investment tax credits инвестиционные налоговые кредиты
investment-linked insurance funds связанные с инвестициями страховые фонды
Investments in Associates инвестиции в ассоциированные предприятия
Investor инвестор
investor in a joint venture инвестор в совместную деятельность
investor-owned entity предприятие, находящееся в собственности инвестора
Involuntary liquidation принудительная ликвидация
irrevocable commitments неотменяемые обязательства; безотзывные потенциальные обязательства
issued capital выпущенный капитал
issued shares выпущенные акции
issuing entity предприятие-эмитент; предприятие, выпускающее…
item статья
Item by item basis пообъектная основа
item of inventory статья (единица) запасов
joint control совместный контроль
joint venture совместная деятельность
Joint Working Group совместно работающая группа
Jointly Controlled Entities—Non-Monetary Contributions by Venturers Совместно контролируемые предприятия – немонетарные вклады участников совместной деятельности
jointly controlled entity совместно контролируемое предприятие
jurisdiction юрисдикция
key management personnel старший руководящий персонал
last-in, first-out последнее поступление, первый отпуск
lease аренда
lease term срок аренды
leaseback обратная аренда
leased assets арендуемые активы, сданные в аренду активы, арендованные активы
leasehold interest арендное право; доли арендного имущества
Leases Аренда
Legal entity юридическое лицо
legal merger юридическое слияние
legal obligation юридическое обязательство
legal parent предприятие, юридически являющееся материнским
legal rights юридические права
legal subsidiary предприятие, юридически являющееся дочерним
Legally enforceable right юридически закрепленное право
Legislative requirement требования законодательства
lender кредитор, заимодавец
lessee арендатор
lessee’s incremental borrowing rate of interest расчетная процентная ставка по договору аренды
lessor арендодатель
Letters of credit аккредитивы
leveraged written option DO NOT TRANSLATE
Liabilities assumed принятые обязательства
liability обязательство, кредиторская задолжность
Liability component долговой компонент
liability issue выпуск обязательств
Licence fee плата за лицензию
Licensing agreement лицензионное соглашение
life-contingent annuity пожизненные выплаты
LIFO ЛИФО
Line item статья отчетности
line of business вид деятельности
Liquid assets ликвидные активы
liquidity ликвидность
liquidity presentation Представление (активов и обязательств) в порядке ликвидности
liquidity risk риск ликвидности
Litigation settlements урегулирование судебных споров
loan заем, ссуда, кредит
loan asset заемный актив
loan commitment обязательство по займу; долговое обязательство
Loans and advances займы и авансы
loans and receivables займы и дебиторская задолженность
loans and receivables originated by the enterprise займы и дебиторская задолженность, предоставленные (выданные) предприятием
loans payable кредиторская задолженность по займам
loans payable in default просроченная кредиторская задолженность по займам
long-term employee benefits долгосрочные вознаграждения работникам
Long-term investment долгосрочные инвестиции
loss event событие, приводящее к убытку
Loss per share убыток на акцию
loss recognition test тест на признание убытка
losses убытки
Majority interest доля мажоритарных акционеров (собственников)
Management руководство
management commentary DO NOT TRANSLATE
Margin маржа, прибыль
market condition рыночное условие
Market price рыночная цена
market rate of interest рыночная процентная ставка
market risk рыночный риск
market value рыночная стоимость
Marketable рыночный
mask works DO NOT TRANSLATE
master netting arrangement генеральное соглашение о взаимозачете
matching of costs with revenues приведение в соответствие
Material adjustments существенные корректировки
material errors существенные ошибки
material omissions существенные пропуски
materiality существенность
Matrix approach матричный подход
Matrix presentation матричное представление
Maturity срок погашения
maturity value сумма подлежащая выплате на дату погашения
measurement оценка, определение стоимости (измерение)
measurement bases База оценки, база определения стоимости (база измерения)
measurement date дата оценки, дата измерения стоимости
measurement or recognition inconsistency несоответствие измерения и признания
Measuring interim income tax expense измерение промежуточных расходов по налогу на прибыль
members’ shares доли участников
Members’ Shares in Co-operative Entities and Similar Instruments Доли участников в кооперативных предприятиях и аналогичные инструменты
Membership fees членские взносы
merchandise товары
merger слияние
method of accounting метод учета
minerals and mineral products полезные ископаемые и продукты переработки полезных ископаемых
Minimum lease payments минимальные арендные платежи
minority interest доля меньшинства, доля миноритарных акционеров (собственников)
Mismatch несоответствие
misstatement искажение
mitigating device DO NOT TRANSLATE
monetary asset монетарный актив
Monetary items (monetary assets; monetary financial assets and financial liabilities; monetary financial instruments) монетарные статьи (монетарные активы, монетарные финансовые активы и финансовые обязательства; монетрные финансовые инструменты)
Monitor compliance контроль за соблюдением; следить за соблюдением
mortality risk риск наступления смерти, смертельного исхода
Multi-employer (benefit) plans пенсионные планы группы работодателей
Multi-employer plans (for an employee benefit plan) планы группы работодателей (по пенсионным планам)
multiple embedded derivatives множественные встроенные производные инструменты
mutual cooperative entity предприятие взаимного сотрудничества
mutual entity взаимное предприятие
mutual fund Паевой фонд
mutual insurance company компания взаимного страхования
National requirements национальные требования
Nature of expense method метод»по характеру затрат»
negative goodwill отрицательный гудвил
Negotiable paper ценные бумаги с договорной ставкой
net assets чистые активы
net basis нетто-основа
net disposal proceeds чистые поступления от выбытия
net exchange differences чистые курсовые разницы
net identifiable assets чистые идентифицируемые активы
net income чистая прибыль
net investment in a foreign entity чистые инвестиции в зарубежное предприятие
net investment in a foreign operation чистые инвестиции в иностранное подразделение
net investment in a lease чистые инвестиции в аренду
net loss чистый убыток
net monetary position чистая монетарная позиция
Net position нетто-позиция; чистая позиция
Net profit чистая прибыль
Net profit or loss [for the period] чистая прибыль или убыток (за период)
Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies Чистая прибыль или убыток за период, фундаментальные ошибки и изменения в учетной политике
Net realisable value чистая цена продажи
net selling price чистая продажная цена
Net settlement = Settle net нетто-расчет, осуществить зачет встречных требований
neutrality нейтральность
newly acquired asset новоприобретенный актив
next most senior parent Материнское предприятие следующего более высокого уровня
Non-adjusting event [after the balance sheet date] некорректирующие события (после даты баланса)
non-bank financial service firm DO NOT TRANSLATE
non-cancellable lease аренда без права досрочного прекращения
Non-cash transactions неденежные операции
non-coterminous year-ends Несовпадающие отчетные даты
non-current assets долгосрочные (внеоборотные) активы
non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations долгосрочные активы, предназначенные для продажи, и прекращенная деятельность
non-derivative не являющийся производным
non-derivative contract неявляющийся производным договор
Non-discretionary employee profit-sharing plan обязательный план участия работников в прибыли (предприятия)
Non-discretionary payments безусловные выплаты
non-financial assets нефинансовые активы
Non-linearities нелинейность
Non-marketable securities нерыночные ценные бумаги
non-monetary asset немонетарный актив
Non-monetary government grants немонетарные государственные субсидии
non-redeemable не подлежащие погашению, непогашаемые
non-refundable purchase taxes невозмещаемые налоги на покупку
normal capacity of production facilities нормальная производственная мощность основных средств
notes (receivable/payable) векселя (к получению/оплате)
Notional amount условная (номинальная) сумма
notionally restated условно пересчитываемые
Objective цель
obligating event обязывающее событие
obligation обязательство
obligations for removal and restoration обязательства по удалению объектов основных средств и восстановлению природных ресурсов
observable (benchmark) interest rate DO NOT TRANSLATE
observable markets DO NOT TRANSLATE
observed (benchmark) interest rate наблюдаемая (базовая) процентная ставка
observed market price наблюдаемая рыночная цена
obsolescence устаревание, моральный износ
Offer price цена предложения
offset взаимозачет
offsetting проведение взаимозачета
onerous contract обременительный договор
Opening balance сальдо на начало периода
Opening IFRS balance sheet вступительный баланс по МСФО
operating activities операционная деятельность
operating cycle операционный цикл
operating lease операционная аренда
Operating Leases—Incentives Операционная аренда – стимулы
option опцион, возможность, право
option contract договор опциона; опционный контракт
option pricing model модель определения цены опциона; модель оценки опциона
ordinary activities обычная деятельность
ordinary course of business ход обычной деятельности
ordinary share обыкновенная акция
Original cost первоначальная стоимость
originated loans and receivables займы выданные, дебиторская задолженность
Origination costs затраты на подготовительную работу
other long-term employee benefits прочие долгосрочные вознаграждения работникам
other price risk другие ценовые риски
out of the money опцион «без денег»
Outright sale прямая продажа
outsourcing arrangements соглашения о привлечении внешних подрядчиков
overheads накладные расходы
over-the-counter market внебиржевой рынок
owner-occupied property недвижимость, занимаемая владельцем
Owners’ equity капитал собственника
ownership interest непосредственная доля участия
Paid in capital оплаченный капитал
parent материнское предприятие
parent-subsidiary relationship отношение материнское предприятие — дочернее предприятие
partially-owned subsidiary предприятие, находящееся в частичной собственности
Participants [in a pension plan] участники (пенсионного плана)
Participating equity instruments долевые инструменты, дающие право на участие в распределении прибыли; долевые инструменты, участвующие в прибыли
Past business combination объединение бизнеса в прошлом
past due просроченный
past event прошлое событие
past service cost стоимость услуг прошлых периодов
payables кредиторская задолженность
Pension пенсия
Pension liability Пенсионное обязательство
Pension scheme пенсионная схема
percentage of completion method метод процента выполнения
Performance (= Financial performance) (финансовые) результаты деятельности
performance conditions Условия достижения результатов деятельности
Period of service период обслуживания
Period-certain annuity аннуитет, относящийся к определенному периоду
period-specific effects эффект, относящийся к определенному периоду
Perpetual debt instruments вечный долговой инструмент
persistency bonus DO NOT TRANSLATE
personnel кадры, персонал, сотрудники, служащие
phantom shares ФАНТОМНЫЕ АКЦИИ
physical capital физический капитал
Plan assets (of an employee benefit plan) активы плана (пенсионного плана)
plan commitment date дата обязательств по плану
pledged as collateral переданный в залог (в обеспечение)
policyholder страхователь, держатель полиса
pooling of interests method метод объединения интересов
Portfolio портфель, портфолио
Portfolio Hedge of Interest Rate Risk Учет хеджирования справедливой стоимости при хеджировании портфеля процентных рисков
portfolio transfer передача портфеля
position-taking institutions занимающие позиции организации
post-employment benefit plans планы вознаграждений по окончании трудовой деятельности
post-employment benefits вознаграждения по окончании трудовой деятельности
post-tax profit or loss прибыль или убыток после налогов
post-vesting transfer restriction ограничения на передачу после даты перехода прав
potential ordinary share потенциальная обыкновенная акция
potential voting rights потенциальное право голоса
pre-combination предварительное объединение
Preface to International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee Предисловие Комитета по интерпретациям международной финансовой отчетности
Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards Предисловие к Международным стандартам финансовой отчетности
preference dividend дивиденд по привилегированным акциям
Preference share привилегированные акции
premium премия
Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements подготовка и представление финансовой отчетности
preparers составители
prepayments предоплата, предварительная оплата
Present obligation существующее обязательство (обязанность)
present value приведенная стоимость
Present value of a defined benefit obligation приведенная стоимость обязательств по пенсионному плану с установленными выплатами
presentation представление
presentation currency валюта представления отчетности
Presentation of Financial Statements представление финансовой отчетности
Previous GAAP предыдущие ОПБУ
Price earnings ratios соотношение цены и прибыли
Price index ценовой индекс
price risk ценовой риск
Primary Basis of Accounting определяющие принципы учета
primary economic environment Основная экономическая среда
primary financial instruments базисные финансовые инструменты
Primary objective основная цель
primary reporting format первичный формат отчетности
principal-only strip стрип основной суммы
Principles-based approach принципиальный подход
prior period error ошибка предыдущего периода
private entity частное предприятие
Privatisation приватизация
Pro forma проформа
Pro rata basis пропорциональная основа
probability recognition criterion критерий вероятности признания
probable вероятный
probable maximum loss максимальная величина вероятного убытка
product warranty obligations гарантийные обязательства по продукции
Production overheads производственные накладные расходы
production process процесс производства
profit прибыль
Profit after tax прибыль после налога
Profit allowance оценочный резерв по прибыли
Profit before tax прибыль до налога
Profit sharing участие в прибыли, разделение прибыли
Progress billing счета по неоконченным расчетам ?
Progress payment промежуточные платежи
prohibitions запреты
projected unit credit method метод прогнозируемой условной единицы
promissory notes Векселя
property interest имущественные права
Property, Plant and Equipment Основные средства
Property, Plant and Equipment — Compensation for the Impairment or Loss of Items Основные средства—компенсация обесценения или утраты объектов
Property, Plant and Equipment — Major Inspection or Overhaul Costs Основные средства – затраты на существенный технический осмотр или капитальный ремонт
proportionate consolidation пропорциональная консолидация
proportionate interest пропорциональная доля участия
Proposed improvements предлагаемые доработки (улучшения)
prospective application перспективное применение
provision Резерв
provision for loss Резерв на потери
provisional value предварительно определенная стоимость
Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets Резервы, условные обязательства и условные активы
proxy DO NOT TRANSLATE
prudence осмотрительность
public entity государственное предприятие
Public securities markets открытые рынки ценных бумаг
publicly quoted entity предприятие, котирующееся на открытом рынке
published price объявленная цена
purchase consideration возмещение за покупку
purchase method метод приобретения (покупки)
purchase price цена покупки
Purchased options приобретенные опционы
Put option опцион на продажу
Puttable с правом досрочного погашения
puttable instrument инструмент с правом обратной продажи
Qualify for recognition/derecognition отвечать (удовлетворять) критериям признания (прекращения признания)
qualifying asset актив, отвечающий определенным требованиям
qualifying insurance policy страховые полисы, удовлетворяющие определенным требованиям
Qualitative characteristics качественные характеристики
quantitative disclosures DO NOT TRANSLATE
quoted equity instrument котирующийся (котируемый) долевой инструмент
Quoted market price котирующаяся (котируемая) рыночная цена
rated and unrated credit exposures DO NOT TRANSLATE
realisable value возможная стоимость реализации
Reasonable estimate обоснованная (расчетная) оценка
reasonably possible обоснованно возможный
reassessment пересмотр оценки
rebates скидки
Rebuttable presumption опровержимое допущение
receivables дебиторская задолженность
recognised financial instruments признанные финансовые инструменты
recognition признание, отражение
recognition as an expense признание в качестве расхода, отражение в составе расходов
Recognition criteria критерии признания, отражения
reconciliation выверка, сверка
reconciliation period DO NOT TRANSLATE
recoverability возместимость, возмещаемость, восстанавливаемость
recoverable возмещаемый
recoverable amount возмещаемая сумма
Redemption выкуп, погашение
redemption prohibition запрет погашения
Refinancing рефинансирование
Reformatted (IAS) в редакции, в формате
regular way purchase or sale Покупка или продажа «на стандартных условиях»
Regulator регулирующий орган
reimbursement возмещение
reinsurance contract договор перестрахования
Reinsurer перестраховщик
Reinvestment of dividends реинвестирование дивидендов
related parties связанные стороны
Related Party Disclosures Раскрытие информации о связанных сторонах
related party transaction операция между связанными сторонами
relevance уместность
reliability надежность
reliability exception исключение по категории надежности; исключение из принципа надежности
reliable measurement test тест на «надежное измерение»
reload feature характеристика восстановления
reload option восстановительный опцион
remeasurement переоценка
Rendering of Services предоставление услуг
renewal rights права на продление, на возобновление
Reorganisations реорганизации
repairs and maintenance ремонт и текущее обслуживание
Repayment возврат платежа
replacement cost of an asset восстановительная стоимость актива
repledge перезакладывать
reportable segment отчетный сегмент
reporting currency валюта отчетности
Reporting Currency — Measurement and Presentation of Financial Statements Under IAS 21 and IAS 29 SIC 19«Валюта отчетности – оценка и представление финансовой отчетности согласно требованиям МСФО 21 и МСФО 29»
Reporting Currency – Translation from Measurement Currency to Presentation Currency Валюта отчетности – перевод из валюты измерения в валюту представления
reporting date отчетная дата
reporting enterprise отчитывающееся предприятие
reporting entity отчитывающееся предприятие
Reporting package комплект отчетной информации
reporting period отчетный период
representational faithfulness достоверность представления
repurchase agreement договор обратной покупки (РЕПО)
research исследования
reserve резерв
residual cost остаточная стоимость; оставшиеся фактические затраты
residual interest остаточная доля
residual value ликвидационная стоимость (correct:остаточная стоимость)
Resolution of the IASB—Withdrawal of IAS 15 by the Board Решение Правления КМСФО — Прекращение действия МСФО 15 по решению Правления
restatement пересчет
restructuring реструктуризация
Restructuring provision Оценочные обязательства по реструктуризации
Result результат, происходить в результате
retail method метод розничных цен, метод учета по розничным ценам
Retail store chain сеть розничных магазинов
retained earnings нераспределенная прибыль
retained profit Нераспределенная прибыль
retirement benefit plans пенсионные планы
retroactive classification ретроактивная классификация
retrospective application ретроспективное применение
return on investment доход на инвестиции, прибыльность инвестиций
Return on plan assets (of an employee benefit plan) доходы на активы плана (пенсионного плана)
revaluation переоценка
Revaluation reserve резерв по переоценке
Revaluation surplus прирост стоимости от переоценки
revalued amount of an asset переоцененная стоимость актива
revenue выручка
Revenue—Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services Доход – бартерные операции, включающие рекламные услуги
reversal сторно
reverse acquisition обратное приобретение
Reverse share split обратное дробление акций, консолидация акций
Revised (IAS) пересмотренный (МСФО)
rewards associated with a leased asset вознаграждения, связанные с арендуемым активом
right of first refusal преимущественное право
Right of set-off право на зачет
right to explore право на производство разведочных работ
Rights issue Предоставление права на приобретение акций (нового выпуска)
Rights to Interests arising from Decommissioning, Restoration and Environmental Rehabilitation Funds Права на участие, возникающие из фондов финансирования вывода объектов из эксплуатации, восстановления занимаемых ими участков и экологической реабилитации
Risk риск
Risk exposure подверженность риску
risks and rewards of ownership риски и вознаграждения, связанные с правом собственности
risks associated with a leased asset риски, связанные с арендой актива
Roll back пересчет назад
Roll forward пересчет вперед
royalty роялти
sale продажа
sale and leaseback transaction операция продажи с обратной арендой
SARs DO NOT TRANSLATE
Scope сфера применения
Secondary segment information вторичная сегментная информация
Securities ценные бумаги
securitisation секьюритизация
segment сегмент
segment assets активы сегмента
segment expense расходы сегмента
Segment Reporting Сегментная отчетность
segment result результаты сегмента
segment revenue доход сегмента
self-constructed asset актив, созданный своими силами; самостоятельно произведенный актив
Self-insurance самострахование
selling price продажная цена
Sensitivity analysis анализ чувствительности
separability Отделимость
separable assets отделимые активы
separate financial statements индивидуальная финансовая отчетность
separate liability отдельное обязательство
separately identifiable отдельно определимый (идентифицируемый)
Service cost стоимость услуг
service date дата предоставления услуг
service mark знак обслуживания
Servicing liabilities обязательства по обслуживанию
Servicing rights права обслуживания
Set of financial statements комплект финансовой отчетности
Set-off, legal right of зачет, юридическое право на зачет
Settle net = Net settlement нетто-расчет, осуществление зачета встречных требований
settlement расчет, погашение, урегулирование
Settlement (of employee benefit obligations) расчет (по обязательствам пенсионного плана)
settlement date дата расчета
settlement date accounting учет по дате расчетов
settlement provision положение о расчете
settlement value Стоимость погашения
severally liable солидарная ответственность
share акция, доля, разделять
share appreciation rights право получения выгод от прироста стоимости акций
share buy-back arrangements соглашения об обратной покупке акций
share call options опционы на покупку акций
share capital акционерный капитал
Share Capital — Reacquired Own Equity Instruments (Treasury Shares) Акционерный капитал – вновь приобретенные собственные долевые инструменты (собственные выкупленные акции)
Share consolidation консолидация акций
share option опцион на акции
Share option plan план опционов на акции
share premium эмиссионный доход
share split дробление акций
share warrant варранты на акции
Share-based Payment Выплаты, основанные на акциях
share-based payment arrangement соглашение о платеже, основанном на акциях
share-based payment transaction операция платежа, основанного на акциях
shareholder акционер
shareholders’ equity собственный капитал акционеров
short seller продавец «в короткую»; продавец ценных бумаг, играющий на понижение
short-term employee benefits краткосрочные вознаграждения работникам
SIC ПКИ
significant influence значительное влияние
Single product enterprise предприятие, производящее один продукт
Sinking fund фонд погашения
Social security социальное обеспечение
Social security contribution взносы на социальное обеспечение
solvency платежеспособность
SPE ПСН
special purpose entity предприятие специального назначения
specific identification of costs метод индивидуальной идентификации затрат
speculative grade DO NOT TRANSLATE
spin — off отделение
spot exchange rate текущий обменный курс; обменный спот-курс
stand-alone basis посмотреть IAS 24
stand-alone derivative самостоятельный производный инструмент
stand-alone entity отдельное предприятие
Standard cost method нормативный метод учета затрат, стандарт кост
stand-by crecit facilities DO NOT TRANSLATE
Standby letters of credit резервные аккредитивы
Standing Interpretation Committee Постоянный комитет по интерпретациям
start-up costs начальные затраты
state-controlled entities предприятия, контролируемые государством
Statement of cash flows = Cash flow statement отчет о движении денежных средств
Statement of changes in equity отчет об изменениях в собственном капитале
Statement of compliance with IFRSs заявление о соответствии МСФО
Statement of income = Income statement отчет о прибылях и убытках
Stewardship of management управление руководства
stock exchange listing листинг на фондовой бирже; допуск ценных бумаг на фондовую биржу
Stop-loss DO NOT TRANSLATE
straight debt DO NOT TRANSLATE
straight-line method прямолинейный метод
stress test DO NOT TRANSLATE
subsequent gain последующая прибыль
subsidiary дочернее предприятие
Subsidies дотации
substance over form приоритет содержания над формой
Substantively enacted по существу действующий
Superannuation scheme схема пенсий по выслуге лет
Superseded versions замененные версии
Supervisory non-management directors контролирующие директоры без управленческих функций
supplier поставщик
supply agreement соглашение о поставке
Surety bonds гарантийные обязательства страхования
surrender option возможность отказа
surrender values стоимость отказа
Swap contract Договор «своп»
swaption свопцион
Syndication синдицирование
synthetic instrument синтетический инструмент
Tainting правило «заражения»
take-or-pay contract договор типа «принимай или плати»
Tangible asset материальный актив
tangible fixed asset материальные основные средства
Targeted exemptions целевые освобождения
tax налог, налоговый
tax base налоговая база
tax base of an asset or liability налоговая база актива или обязательства
tax benefit налоговая выгода
tax effects налоговые последствия
Tax expense (tax income) расход (доход) по налогу (на прибыль)
tax jurisdiction налоговая юрисдикция
Tax liability налоговое обязательство
Tax purposes налоговые цели
Tax rate ставка налога
Taxable profit (tax loss) налогооблагаемая прибыль (налоговый убыток)
taxable temporary difference налогооблагаемая временная разница
taxation налоообложение
technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource техническая осуществимость и коммерческая целесообразность добычи полезного ископаемого
temporary difference временная разница
Tender offer конкурсное предложение
termination benefits выходные пособия
Tests goodwill for impairment проверка (тестирование) гудвила на обесценение
The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates Влияние изменений обменных курсов валют
Theoretical ex-rights value per share Теоретическая справедливая стоимость на акцию до реализации прав
Time-weighting factor взвешенный временной коэффициент
to ‘manufacture’ gains «создавать» прибыли
Top-down test тест «сверху-вниз»
total return swap своп совокупного дохода
trade date дата заключения сделки
trade date accounting учет по дате заключения сделки
trade receivable торговая дебиторская задолженность
trade secret коммерческая тайна
Trading – financial asset or liability held for trading торговля — финансовый актив или обязательство, предназначенное для торговли
trading gains and losses DO NOT TRANSLATE
transaction операция
Transaction costs (financial instruments) затраты по сделке (финансовые инструменты)
transaction price цена операции
transfer передача, перевод, передавать
transferee принимающая сторона
transferor передающая сторона
Transitional liability (defined benefit plans) переходные обязательства (пенсионные планы с установленными выплатами)
Translation difference разница от пересчета
translation method метод пересчета
translation of foreign currency пересчет иностранной валюты
translation of the financial statements пересчет финансовой отчетности
translation to the presentation currency пересчет в валюту представления
Transparency прозрачность
treasury shares собственные акции, выкупленные у акционеров
triggering event событие, дающее начало
Trust activities доверительные операции
Trustee доверительный управляющий, попечитель
two-class ordinary shares обыкновенные акции, относящиеся к двум классам
ultimate controlling party сторона, обладающая основным правом контроля
unallocated surplus нераспределенный прирост стоимости
Unamortised неамортизированный
unbundle отделение
uncertain event неопределенное событие
Uncollectability безнадежная задолженность
unconditional prohibitions безусловные запреты
unconditional right to refuse redemption безусловное право отказать в погашении
underlying asset базовый актив
underlying variable Базовая (базисная) переменная
understandability понятность
underwriting year DO NOT TRANSLATE
undistributed earnings нераспределенная прибыль
undrawn loan commitment неиспользованная сумма по обязательству по займу
Undue cost or effort чрезмерные затраты или усилия
unearned finance income неполученный финансовый доход
unearned premiums премии будущих периодов
unguaranteed residual value ликвидационная стоимость
uniform accounting policies единая (одинаковая) учетная политика
unit of account единица учета
unit of production единица продукции
unit trust паевой фонд
unit value стоимость единицы
uniting of interests объединение интересов
unit-linking feature привязка к стоимости пая
Unquoted некотируемый
unquoted equity instruments некотируемые долевые инструменты
unrecognised непризнанный
unrecognised financial instruments непризнанные финансовые инструменты
unsecured commercial loans DO NOT TRANSLATE
upstream transactions операции «снизу вверх»
useful life срок полезного использования
User [of financial statements] пользователь (финансовой отчетности)
users пользователи
Users of financial statements пользователи финансовой отчетности
Valid expectation обоснованные ожидания
valuation оценка
valuation method метод оценки
valuation technique методика оценки
Value added statement отчет о добавленной стоимости
value in use стоимость от использования
value-at-risk метод стоимостной оценки рисков
variable production overheads переменные производственные накладные расходы
venturer участник совместной деятельности
vest переходить
vested employee benefits безусловные выплаты работникам
vesting conditions условия перехода
vesting period период перехода
voting rights права голоса
warrant варрант
warranty гарантии
warranty obligation гарантийное обязательство
wash sale фиктивная продажа
wear and tear физический износ
weather derivatives метеорологические производные инструменты
Weighted Average средневзвешенная
weighted average cost formula метод средневзвешенной стоимости
wholly-owned subsidiary дочернее предприятие, находящееся в полной собственности
willing parties желающие совершить операцию стороны
work in progress незавершенное производство
working capital оборотный капитал
worst-case scenario худший сценарий
write off (полностью) списать со счета
write-down списание
Written option выпущенный опцион
Year-to-date с начала года до отчетной даты

Словарь терминов в соответствии с Международными стандартами по аудиту — International Standards on Auditing – Glossary of Terms

26 мая 2011 Новости, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России, Семинары Комментарии к записи Словарь терминов в соответствии с Международными стандартами по аудиту — International Standards on Auditing – Glossary of Terms отключены

Словарь терминов в соответствии с Международными стандартами по аудиту
International Standards on Auditing – Glossary of Terms
Ниже представлены термины Международных стандартов по аудиту на английском языке. Соответствующие термины и их определения являются наиболее признанными и разработанными в мире на сегодняшний день, в области международной финансовой отчетности, международном аудите, финансах. Материал основан на Международных Стандартах Аудита (МСА) и представлен Сергеем Модеровым (пожалуйста, звоните +7 921 9450055).
Below you may see the glossary of International Standards on Auditing. Those terms are considered to be the most well-known and appreciated terms in the field of international financial reporting, international auditing, finance.
Material is based on the ISA’s and presented by Sergey Moderov (please contact +7 921 9450055)

Access controls—Procedures designed to restrict access to on-line terminal devices,
programs and data. Access controls consist of “user authentication” and “user
authorization.” “User authentication” typically attempts to identify a user through
unique logon identifications, passwords, access cards or biometric data. “User
authorization” consists of access rules to determine the computer resources each user
may access. Specifically, such procedures are designed to prevent or detect:
(a) Unauthorized access to on-line terminal devices, programs and data;
(b) Entry of unauthorized transactions;
(c) Unauthorized changes to data files;
(d) The use of computer programs by unauthorized personnel; and
(e) The use of computer programs that have not been authorized.
Accounting estimate—An approximation of a monetary amount in the absence of a
precise means of measurement. This term is used for an amount measured at fair value
where there is estimation uncertainty, as well as for other amounts that require
estimation. Where ISA 540 addresses only accounting estimates involving
measurement at fair value, the term “fair value accounting estimates” is used.
Accounting records—The records of initial accounting entries and supporting records,
such as checks and records of electronic fund transfers; invoices; contracts; the general
and subsidiary ledgers, journal entries and other adjustments to the financial statements
that are not reflected in formal journal entries; and records such as work sheets and
spreadsheets supporting cost allocations, computations, reconciliations and disclosures.
Agreed-upon procedures engagement—An engagement in which an auditor is engaged
to carry out those procedures of an audit nature to which the auditor and the entity and
any appropriate third parties have agreed and to report on factual findings. The
recipients of the report form their own conclusions from the report by the auditor. The
report is restricted to those parties that have agreed to the procedures to be performed
since others, unaware of the reasons for the procedures may misinterpret the results.
Analytical procedures—Evaluations of financial information through analysis of
plausible relationships among both financial and non-financial data. Analytical
procedures also encompass such investigation as is necessary of identified fluctuations
or relationships that are inconsistent with other relevant information or that differ from
expected values by a significant amount.
Annual report—A document issued by an entity, ordinarily on an annual basis, which
includes its financial statements together with the auditor’s report thereon.
Anomaly—A misstatement or deviation that is demonstrably not representative of
misstatements or deviations in a population.
Applicable financial reporting framework—The financial reporting framework adopted by
management and, where appropriate, those charged with governance in the preparation of the
financial statements that is acceptable in view of the nature of the entity and the objective of
the financial statements, or that is required by law or regulation.
The term “fair presentation framework” is used to refer to a financial reporting
framework that requires compliance with the requirements of the framework and:
(a) Acknowledges explicitly or implicitly that, to achieve fair presentation of the
financial statements, it may be necessary for management to provide disclosures
beyond those specifically required by the framework; or
(b) Acknowledges explicitly that it may be necessary for management to depart from
a requirement of the framework to achieve fair presentation of the financial
statements. Such departures are expected to be necessary only in extremely rare
circumstances.
The term “compliance framework” is used to refer to a financial reporting framework
that requires compliance with the requirements of the framework, but does not contain
the acknowledgements in (a) or (b) above.
Application controls in information technology— Manual or automated procedures that
typically operate at a business process level. Application controls can be preventative or
detective in nature and are designed to ensure the integrity of the accounting records.
Accordingly, application controls relate to procedures used to initiate, record, process
and report transactions or other financial data.
Applied criteria (in the context of ISA 8103)—The criteria applied by management in
the preparation of the summary financial statements.
Appropriateness (of audit evidence)—The measure of the quality of audit evidence;
that is, its relevance and its reliability in providing support for the conclusions on which
the auditor’s opinion is based.
Arm’s length transaction—A transaction conducted on such terms and conditions as
between a willing buyer and a willing seller who are unrelated and are acting
independently of each other and pursuing their own best interests.
Assertions—Representations by management, explicit or otherwise, that are embodied
in the financial statements, as used by the auditor to consider the different types of
potential misstatements that may occur.
Assess—Analyze identified risks of material misstatement to conclude on their
significance. “Assess,” by convention, is used only in relation to risk. (also see
Evaluate)
Association—(see Auditor association with financial information)
Assurance—(see Reasonable assurance)
Assurance engagement—An engagement in which a practitioner expresses a conclusion
designed to enhance the degree of confidence of the intended users other than the
responsible party about the outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject
matter against criteria. The outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject
matter is the information that results from applying the criteria (also see Subject matter
information). Under the “International Framework for Assurance Engagements” there
are two types of assurance engagement a practitioner is permitted to perform: a
reasonable assurance engagement and a limited assurance engagement.
Reasonable assurance engagement—The objective of a reasonable assurance
engagement is a reduction in assurance engagement risk to an acceptably low level
in the circumstances of the engagement4 as the basis for a positive form of
expression of the practitioner’s conclusion.
Limited assurance engagement—The objective of a limited assurance engagement
is a reduction in assurance engagement risk to a level that is acceptable in the
circumstances of the engagement, but where that risk is greater than for a
reasonable assurance engagement, as the basis for a negative form of expression of
the practitioner’s conclusion.
Assurance engagement risk—The risk that the practitioner expresses an inappropriate
conclusion when the subject matter information is materially misstated.
Audit documentation—The record of audit procedures performed, relevant audit
evidence obtained, and conclusions the auditor reached (terms such as “working papers”
or “workpapers” are also sometimes used).
Audit evidence—Information used by the auditor in arriving at the conclusions on
which the auditor’s opinion is based. Audit evidence includes both information
contained in the accounting records underlying the financial statements and other
information. (See Sufficiency of audit evidence and Appropriateness of audit evidence.)
Audit file— One or more folders or other storage media, in physical or electronic form,
containing the records that comprise the audit documentation for a specific engagement.
Audit firm—(see Firm)
Audit opinion—(see Modified opinion and Unmodified opinion)
Audit risk—The risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion when the
financial statements are materially misstated. Audit risk is a function of the risks of
material misstatement and detection risk.
Audit sampling (sampling)—The application of audit procedures to less than 100% of
items within a population of audit relevance such that all sampling units have a chance
of selection in order to provide the auditor with a reasonable basis on which to draw
conclusions about the entire population.
Audited financial statements (in the context of ISA 810)—Financial statements5 audited
by the auditor in accordance with ISAs, and from which the summary financial
statements are derived.
Auditor—“Auditor” is used to refer to the person or persons conducting the audit,
usually the engagement partner or other members of the engagement team, or, as
applicable, the firm. Where an ISA expressly intends that a requirement or responsibility
be fulfilled by the engagement partner, the term “engagement partner” rather than
“auditor” is used. “Engagement partner” and “firm” are to be read as referring to their
public sector equivalents where relevant.
Auditor association with financial information—An auditor is associated with financial
information when the auditor attaches a report to that information or consents to the use
of the auditor’s name in a professional connection.
Auditor’s expert—An individual or organization possessing expertise in a field other than
accounting or auditing, whose work in that field is used by the auditor to assist the auditor
in obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence. An auditor’s expert may be either an
auditor’s internal expert (who is a partner6 or staff, including temporary staff, of the
auditor’s firm or a network firm), or an auditor’s external expert.
Auditor’s point estimate or auditor’s range—The amount, or range of amounts,
respectively, derived from audit evidence for use in evaluating management’s point estimate.
Auditor’s range—(see Auditor’s point estimate)
Business risk—A risk resulting from significant conditions, events, circumstances,
actions or inactions that could adversely affect an entity’s ability to achieve its
objectives and execute its strategies, or from the setting of inappropriate objectives and
strategies.
Comparative financial statements—Comparative information where amounts and other
disclosures for the prior period are included for comparison with the financial
statements of the current period but, if audited, are referred to in the auditor’s opinion.
The level of information included in those comparative financial statements is
comparable with that of the financial statements of the current period.
Comparative information—The amounts and disclosures included in the financial
statements in respect of one or more prior periods in accordance with the applicable
financial reporting framework.
Compilation engagement—An engagement in which accounting expertise, as opposed
to auditing expertise, is used to collect, classify and summarize financial information.
Complementary user entity controls—Controls that the service organization
assumes, in the design of its service, will be implemented by user entities, and
which, if necessary to achieve control objectives, are identified in the description of
its system.
Compliance framework—(see Applicable financial reporting framework and General
purpose framework)
Component—An entity or business activity for which group or component management
prepares financial information that should be included in the group financial statements.
Component auditor—An auditor who, at the request of the group engagement team,
performs work on financial information related to a component for the group audit.
Component management—Management responsible for the preparation of the financial
information of a component.
Component materiality—The materiality for a component determined by the group
engagement team.
Computer-assisted audit techniques—Applications of auditing procedures using the
computer as an audit tool (also known as CAATs).
Control activities—Those policies and procedures that help ensure that management
directives are carried out. Control activities are a component of internal control.
Control environment—Includes the governance and management functions and the
attitudes, awareness and actions of those charged with governance and management
concerning the entity’s internal control and its importance in the entity. The control
environment is a component of internal control.
Control risk—(see Risk of material misstatement)
Corporate governance—(see Governance)
Corresponding figures—Comparative information where amounts and other
disclosures for the prior period are included as an integral part of the current period
financial statements, and are intended to be read only in relation to the amounts and
other disclosures relating to the current period (referred to as “current period figures”).
The level of detail presented in the corresponding amounts and disclosures is dictated
primarily by its relevance to the current period figures.
Criteria—The benchmarks used to evaluate or measure the subject matter including,
where relevant, benchmarks for presentation and disclosure. Criteria can be formal or
less formal. There can be different criteria for the same subject matter. Suitable criteria
are required for reasonably consistent evaluation or measurement of a subject matter
within the context of professional judgment.
Suitable criteria—Exhibit the following characteristics:
(a) Relevance: relevant criteria contribute to conclusions that assist decisionmaking
by the intended users.
(b) Completeness: criteria are sufficiently complete when relevant factors that
could affect the conclusions in the context of the engagement circumstances
are not omitted. Complete criteria include, where relevant, benchmarks for
presentation and disclosure.
(c) Reliability: reliable criteria allow reasonably consistent evaluation or
measurement of the subject matter including, where relevant, presentation and
disclosure, when used in similar circumstances by similarly qualified
practitioners.
(d) Neutrality: neutral criteria contribute to conclusions that are free from bias.
(e) Understandability: understandable criteria contribute to conclusions that are
clear, comprehensive, and not subject to significantly different interpretations.
Date of approval of the financial statements—The date on which all the statements that
comprise the financial statements, including the related notes, have been prepared and
those with the recognized authority have asserted that they have taken responsibility for
those financial statements.
Date of report (in relation to quality control)—The date selected by the practitioner to
date the report.
Date of the auditor’s report—The date the auditor dates the report on the financial
statements in accordance with ISA 700.7
Date of the financial statements—The date of the end of the latest period covered by
the financial statements.
Date the financial statements are issued—The date that the auditor’s report and
audited financial statements are made available to third parties.
Deficiency in internal control—This exists when:
(a) A control is designed, implemented or operated in such a way that it is unable to
prevent, or detect and correct, misstatements in the financial statements on a timely
basis; or
(b) A control necessary to prevent, or detect and correct, misstatements in the financial
statements on a timely basis is missing.
Detection risk—The risk that the procedures performed by the auditor to reduce audit
risk to an acceptably low level will not detect a misstatement that exists and that could
be material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements.
Element—(see Element of a financial statement)
Element of a financial statement (in the context of ISA 8058)—An element, account or
item of a financial statement.
Emphasis of Matter paragraph—A paragraph included in the auditor’s report that
refers to a matter appropriately presented or disclosed in the financial statements
that, in the auditor’s judgment, is of such importance that it is fundamental to
users’ understanding of the financial statements.
Engagement documentation—The record of work performed, results obtained, and
conclusions the practitioner reached (terms such as “working papers” or “workpapers”
are sometimes used).
Engagement letter—Written terms of an engagement in the form of a letter.
Engagement partner9—The partner or other person in the firm who is responsible for
the engagement and its performance, and for the report that is issued on behalf of the
firm, and who, where required, has the appropriate authority from a professional, legal
or regulatory body.
Engagement quality control review—A process designed to provide an objective
evaluation, on or before the date of the report, of the significant judgments the
engagement team made and the conclusions it reached in formulating the report. The
engagement quality control review process is for audits of financial statements of listed
entities and those other engagements, if any, for which the firm has determined an
engagement quality control review is required.
Engagement quality control reviewer—A partner, other person in the firm, suitably
qualified external person, or a team made up of such individuals, none of whom is partof the engagement team, with sufficient and appropriate experience and authority to
objectively evaluate the significant judgments the engagement team made and the
conclusions it reached in formulating the report.
Engagement team—All partners and staff performing the engagement, and any
individuals engaged by the firm or a network firm who perform procedures on the
engagement. This excludes external experts engaged by the firm or a network firm.10
Entity’s risk assessment process—A component of internal control that is the entity’s
process for identifying business risks relevant to financial reporting objectives and
deciding about actions to address those risks, and the results thereof.
Environmental matters—
(a) Initiatives to prevent, abate, or remedy damage to the environment, or to deal
with conservation of renewable and non-renewable resources (such initiatives
may be required by environmental laws and regulations or by contract, or they
may be undertaken voluntarily);
(b) Consequences of violating environmental laws and regulations;
(c) Consequences of environmental damage done to others or to natural resources;
and
(d) Consequences of vicarious liability imposed by law (for example, liability for
damages caused by previous owners).
Environmental performance report—A report, separate from the financial statements, in
which an entity provides third parties with qualitative information on the entity’s
commitments towards the environmental aspects of the business, its policies and targets
in that field, its achievement in managing the relationship between its business processes
and environmental risk, and quantitative information on its environmental performance.
Environmental risk—In certain circumstances, factors relevant to the assessment of
inherent risk for the development of the overall audit plan may include the risk of
material misstatement of the financial statements due to environmental matters.
Error—An unintentional misstatement in financial statements, including the omission of
an amount or a disclosure.
Estimation uncertainty—The susceptibility of an accounting estimate and related
disclosures to an inherent lack of precision in its measurement.
Evaluate—Identify and analyze the relevant issues, including performing further procedures
as necessary, to come to a specific conclusion on a matter. “Evaluation,” by convention, is
used only in relation to a range of matters, including evidence, the results of procedures and
the effectiveness of management’s response to a risk. (also see Assess)
Exception—A response that indicates a difference between information requested to be
confirmed, or contained in the entity’s records, and information provided by the
confirming party.
Experienced auditor—An individual (whether internal or external to the firm) who has
practical audit experience, and a reasonable understanding of:
(a) Audit processes;
(b) ISAs and applicable legal and regulatory requirements;
(c) The business environment in which the entity operates; and
(d) Auditing and financial reporting issues relevant to the entity’s industry.
Expert—(see Auditor’s expert and Management’s expert)
Expertise—Skills, knowledge and experience in a particular field.
External confirmation—Audit evidence obtained as a direct written response to the
auditor from a third party (the confirming party), in paper form, or by electronic or other
medium.
Fair presentation framework —(see Applicable financial reporting framework and
General purpose framework)
Financial statements—A structured representation of historical financial information,
including related notes, intended to communicate an entity’s economic resources or
obligations at a point in time or the changes therein for a period of time in accordance
with a financial reporting framework. The related notes ordinarily comprise a summary
of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information. The term
“financial statements” ordinarily refers to a complete set of financial statements as
determined by the requirements of the applicable financial reporting framework, but it
can also refer to a single financial statement.
Firm—A sole practitioner, partnership or corporation or other entity of professional
accountants.
Forecast—Prospective financial information prepared on the basis of assumptions as to
future events which management expects to take place and the actions management
expects to take as of the date the information is prepared (best-estimate assumptions).
Fraud—An intentional act by one or more individuals among management, those
charged with governance, employees, or third parties, involving the use of deception to
obtain an unjust or illegal advantage.
Fraud risk factors—Events or conditions that indicate an incentive or pressure to
commit fraud or provide an opportunity to commit fraud.
Fraudulent financial reporting—Involves intentional misstatements, including omissions of
amounts or disclosures in financial statements, to deceive financial statement users.
General IT controls—Policies and procedures that relate to many applications and
support the effective functioning of application controls by helping to ensure the
continued proper operation of information systems. General IT controls commonly
include controls over data center and network operations; system software acquisition,
change and maintenance; access security; and application system acquisition,
development, and maintenance.
General purpose financial statements—Financial statements prepared in accordance
with a general purpose framework.
General purpose framework—A financial reporting framework designed to meet the
common financial information needs of a wide range of users. The financial reporting
framework may be a fair presentation framework or a compliance framework.
The term “fair presentation framework” is used to refer to a financial reporting
framework that requires compliance with the requirements of the framework and:
(a) Acknowledges explicitly or implicitly that, to achieve fair presentation of the
financial statements, it may be necessary for management to provide disclosures
beyond those specifically required by the framework; or
(b) Acknowledges explicitly that it may be necessary for management to depart from a
requirement of the framework to achieve fair presentation of the financial statements.
Such departures are expected to be necessary only in extremely rare circumstances.
The term “compliance framework” is used to refer to a financial reporting framework
that requires compliance with the requirements of the framework, but does not contain
the acknowledgements in (a) or (b) above.11
Governance—Describes the role of person(s) or organization(s) with responsibility for
overseeing the strategic direction of the entity and obligations related to the
accountability of the entity.
Group—All the components whose financial information is included in the group
financial statements. A group always has more than one component.
Group audit—The audit of group financial statements.
Group audit opinion—The audit opinion on the group financial statements.
Group engagement partner—The partner or other person in the firm who is responsible
for the group audit engagement and its performance, and for the auditor’s report on the
group financial statements that is issued on behalf of the firm. Where joint auditors
conduct the group audit, the joint engagement partners and their engagement teams
collectively constitute the group engagement partner and the group engagement team.
Group engagement team—Partners, including the group engagement partner, and staff
who establish the overall group audit strategy, communicate with component auditors, perform work on the consolidation process, and evaluate the conclusions drawn from the
audit evidence as the basis for forming an opinion on the group financial statements.
Group financial statements—Financial statements that include the financial information
of more than one component. The term “group financial statements” also refers to
combined financial statements aggregating the financial information prepared by
components that have no parent but are under common control.
Group management—Management responsible for the preparation of the group
financial statements.
Group-wide controls—Controls designed, implemented and maintained by group
management over group financial reporting.
Historical financial information—Information expressed in financial terms in relation
to a particular entity, derived primarily from that entity’s accounting system, about
economic events occurring in past time periods or about economic conditions or
circumstances at points in time in the past.
Inconsistency—Other information that contradicts information contained in the audited
financial statements. A material inconsistency may raise doubt about the audit
conclusions drawn from audit evidence previously obtained and, possibly, about the
basis for the auditor’s opinion on the financial statements.
Independence12—Comprises:
(a) Independence of mind—the state of mind that permits the provision of an
opinion without being affected by influences that compromise professional
judgment, allowing an individual to act with integrity, and exercise objectivity
and professional skepticism.
(b) Independence in appearance—the avoidance of facts and circumstances that are
so significant a reasonable and informed third party, having knowledge of all
relevant information, including any safeguards applied, would reasonably
conclude a firm’s, or a member of the assurance team’s, integrity, objectivity or
professional skepticism had been compromised.
Information system relevant to financial reporting—A component of internal control that
includes the financial reporting system, and consists of the procedures and records
established to initiate, record, process and report entity transactions (as well as events and
conditions) and to maintain accountability for the related assets, liabilities and equity.
Inherent risk—(see Risk of material misstatement)
Initial audit engagement—An engagement in which either:
(a) The financial statements for the prior period were not audited; or
(b) The financial statements for the prior period were audited by a predecessor auditor.
Inquiry—Inquiry consists of seeking information of knowledgeable persons, both
financial and non-financial, within the entity or outside the entity.
Inspection (as an audit procedure)—Examining records or documents, whether internal
or external, in paper form, electronic form, or other media, or a physical examination of an
asset.
Inspection (in relation to quality control)—In relation to completed engagements,
procedures designed to provide evidence of compliance by engagement teams with the
firm’s quality control policies and procedures.
Intended users—The person, persons or class of persons for whom the practitioner
prepares the assurance report. The responsible party can be one of the intended users,
but not the only one.
Interim financial information or statements—Financial information (which may be less
than a complete set of financial statements as defined above) issued at interim dates
(usually half-yearly or quarterly) in respect of a financial period.
Internal audit function—An appraisal activity established or provided as a service to
the entity. Its functions include, amongst other things, examining, evaluating and
monitoring the adequacy and effectiveness of internal control.
Internal auditors—Those individuals who perform the activities of the internal audit
function. Internal auditors may belong to an internal audit department or equivalent
function.
Internal control—The process designed, implemented and maintained by those
charged with governance, management and other personnel to provide reasonable
assurance about the achievement of an entity’s objectives with regard to reliability of
financial reporting, effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and compliance with
applicable laws and regulations. The term “controls” refers to any aspects of one or
more of the components of internal control.
International Financial Reporting Standards—The International Financial Reporting
Standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Investigate—Inquire into matters arising from other procedures to resolve them.
IT environment—The policies and procedures that the entity implements and the IT
infrastructure (hardware, operating systems, etc.) and application software that it uses to
support business operations and achieve business strategies.
Limited assurance engagement—(see Assurance engagement)
Listed entity—An entity whose shares, stock or debt are quoted or listed on a
recognized stock exchange, or are marketed under the regulations of a recognized stock
exchange or other equivalent body.
Management—The person(s) with executive responsibility for the conduct of the
entity’s operations. For some entities in some jurisdictions, management includes someor all of those charged with governance, for example, executive members of a
governance board, or an owner-manager.
Management bias—A lack of neutrality by management in the preparation of
information.
Management’s expert—An individual or organization possessing expertise in a field
other than accounting or auditing, whose work in that field is used by the entity to assist
the entity in preparing the financial statements.
Management’s point estimate—The amount selected by management for recognition or
disclosure in the financial statements as an accounting estimate.
Misappropriation of assets—Involves the theft of an entity’s assets and is often
perpetrated by employees in relatively small and immaterial amounts. However, it can
also involve management who are usually more capable of disguising or concealing
misappropriations in ways that are difficult to detect.
Misstatement—A difference between the amount, classification, presentation, or
disclosure of a reported financial statement item and the amount, classification,
presentation, or disclosure that is required for the item to be in accordance with the
applicable financial reporting framework. Misstatements can arise from error or fraud.
Where the auditor expresses an opinion on whether the financial statements are
presented fairly, in all material respects, or give a true and fair view, misstatements also
include those adjustments of amounts, classifications, presentation, or disclosures that,
in the auditor’s judgment, are necessary for the financial statements to be presented
fairly, in all material respects, or to give a true and fair view.
Misstatement of fact—Other information that is unrelated to matters appearing in the
audited financial statements that is incorrectly stated or presented. A material misstatement
of fact may undermine the credibility of the document containing audited financial
statements.
Modified opinion—A qualified opinion, an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion.
Monitoring (in relation to quality control)—A process comprising an ongoing
consideration and evaluation of the firm’s system of quality control, including a periodic
inspection of a selection of completed engagements, designed to provide the firm with
reasonable assurance that its system of quality control is operating effectively.
Monitoring of controls—A process to assess the effectiveness of internal control
performance over time. It includes assessing the design and operation of controls on a
timely basis and taking necessary corrective actions modified for changes in conditions.
Monitoring of controls is a component of internal control.
Negative confirmation request—A request that the confirming party respond directly to
the auditor only if the confirming party disagrees with the information provided in the
request.
Network—A larger structure:
(a) That is aimed at cooperation, and
(b) That is clearly aimed at profit or cost-sharing or shares common ownership,
control or management, common quality control policies and procedures,
common business strategy, the use of a common brand name, or a significant part
of professional resources.
Network firm—A firm or entity that belongs to a network.
Non-compliance (in the context of ISA 25013)—Acts of omission or commission by the
entity, either intentional or unintentional, which are contrary to the prevailing laws or
regulations. Such acts include transactions entered into by, or in the name of, the entity,
or on its behalf, by those charged with governance, management or employees. Noncompliance
does not include personal misconduct (unrelated to the business activities of
the entity) by those charged with governance, management or employees of the entity.
Non-response—A failure of the confirming party to respond, or fully respond, to a
positive confirmation request, or a confirmation request returned undelivered.
Non-sampling risk—The risk that the auditor reaches an erroneous conclusion for any
reason not related to sampling risk.
Observation—Consists of looking at a process or procedure being performed by others,
for example, the auditor’s observation of inventory counting by the entity’s personnel,
or of the performance of control activities.
Opening balances—Those account balances that exist at the beginning of the period.
Opening balances are based upon the closing balances of the prior period and reflect the
effects of transactions and events of prior periods and accounting policies applied in the
prior period. Opening balances also include matters requiring disclosure that existed at
the beginning of the period, such as contingencies and commitments.
Other information—Financial and non-financial information (other than the financial
statements and the auditor’s report thereon) which is included, either by law, regulation,
or custom, in a document containing audited financial statements and the auditor’s
report thereon.
Other Matter paragraph—A paragraph included in the auditor’s report that refers to
a matter other than those presented or disclosed in the financial statements that, in the
auditor’s judgment, is relevant to users’ understanding of the audit, the auditor’s
responsibilities or the auditor’s report.
Outcome of an accounting estimate—The actual monetary amount which results from
the resolution of the underlying transaction(s), event(s) or condition(s) addressed by the
accounting estimate.
Overall audit strategy—Sets the scope, timing and direction of the audit, and guides the
development of the more detailed audit plan.
Partner—Any individual with authority to bind the firm with respect to the
performance of a professional services engagement.
Performance materiality—The amount or amounts set by the auditor at less than materiality
for the financial statements as a whole to reduce to an appropriately low level the probability
that the aggregate of uncorrected and undetected misstatements exceeds materiality for the
financial statements as a whole. If applicable, performance materiality also refers to the
amount or amounts set by the auditor at less than the materiality level or levels for particular
classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures.
Personnel—Partners and staff.
Pervasive—A term used, in the context of misstatements, to describe the effects on the
financial statements of misstatements or the possible effects on the financial statements
of misstatements, if any, that are undetected due to an inability to obtain sufficient
appropriate audit evidence. Pervasive effects on the financial statements are those that,
in the auditor’s judgment:
(a) Are not confined to specific elements, accounts or items of the financial
statements;
(b) If so confined, represent or could represent a substantial proportion of the
financial statements; or
(c) In relation to disclosures, are fundamental to users’ understanding of the financial
statements.
Population—The entire set of data from which a sample is selected and about which
the auditor wishes to draw conclusions.
Positive confirmation request—A request that the confirming party respond directly to
the auditor indicating whether the confirming party agrees or disagrees with the
information in the request, or providing the requested information.
Practitioner—A professional accountant in public practice.
Preconditions for an audit—The use by management of an acceptable financial
reporting framework in the preparation of the financial statements and the agreement of
management and, where appropriate, those charged with governance to the premise14 on
which an audit is conducted.
Predecessor auditor—The auditor from a different audit firm, who audited the financial
statements of an entity in the prior period and who has been replaced by the current auditor.
Premise, relating to the responsibilities of management and, where appropriate, those
charged with governance, on which an audit is conducted—That management and,
where appropriate, those charged with governance have acknowledged and understandthat they have the following responsibilities that are fundamental to the conduct of an
audit in accordance with ISAs. That is, responsibility:
(a) For the preparation of the financial statements in accordance with the applicable
financial reporting framework, including where relevant their fair presentation;
(b) For such internal control as management and, where appropriate, those charged with
governance determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements
that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error; and
(c) To provide the auditor with:
(i) Access to all information of which management and, where appropriate,
those charged with governance are aware that is relevant to the
preparation of the financial statements such as records, documentation and
other matters;
(ii) Additional information that the auditor may request from management
and, where appropriate, those charged with governance for the purpose of
the audit; and
(iii) Unrestricted access to persons within the entity from whom the auditor
determines it necessary to obtain audit evidence.
In the case of a fair presentation framework, (a) above may be restated as “for the
preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with the
financial reporting framework,” or “for the preparation of financial statements that give
a true and fair view in accordance with the financial reporting framework.”
The “premise, relating to the responsibilities of management and, where appropriate, those
charged with governance, on which an audit is conducted” may also be referred to as the
“premise.”
Professional accountant15—An individual who is a member of an IFAC member body.
Professional accountant in public practice16—A professional accountant, irrespective of
functional classification (for example, audit, tax or consulting) in a firm that provides
professional services. This term is also used to refer to a firm of professional
accountants in public practice.
Professional judgment—The application of relevant training, knowledge and
experience, within the context provided by auditing, accounting and ethical standards, in
making informed decisions about the courses of action that are appropriate in the
circumstances of the audit engagement.
Professional skepticism—An attitude that includes a questioning mind, being alert to
conditions which may indicate possible misstatement due to error or fraud, and a critical
assessment of evidence.
Professional standards—International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) and relevant
ethical requirements
Professional standards (in the context of ISQC 117)—IAASB Engagement Standards,
as defined in the IAASB’s Preface to the International Standards on Quality Control,
Auditing, Review, Other Assurance and Related Services, and relevant ethical
requirements.
Projection—Prospective financial information prepared on the basis of:
(a) Hypothetical assumptions about future events and management actions which are
not necessarily expected to take place, such as when some entities are in a startup
phase or are considering a major change in the nature of operations; or
(b) A mixture of best-estimate and hypothetical assumptions.
Prospective financial information—Financial information based on assumptions about
events that may occur in the future and possible actions by an entity. Prospective
financial information can be in the form of a forecast, a projection or a combination of
both. (see Forecast and Projection)
Public sector—National governments, regional (for example, state, provincial,
territorial) governments, local (for example, city, town) governments and related
governmental entities (for example, agencies, boards, commissions and enterprises).
Reasonable assurance (in the context of assurance engagements, including audit
engagements, and quality control)—A high, but not absolute, level of assurance.
Reasonable assurance engagement—(see Assurance engagement)
Recalculation—Consists of checking the mathematical accuracy of documents or
records.
Related party—A party that is either:
(a) A related party as defined in the applicable financial reporting framework; or
(b) Where the applicable financial reporting framework establishes minimal or no
related party requirements:
(i) A person or other entity that has control or significant influence, directly
or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, over the reporting entity;
(ii) Another entity over which the reporting entity has control or significant
influence, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries; or(iii) Another entity that is under common control with the reporting entity
through having:
a. Common controlling ownership;
b. Owners who are close family members; or
c. Common key management.
However, entities that are under common control by a state (that is, a
national, regional or local government) are not considered related unless
they engage in significant transactions or share resources to a significant
extent with one another.
Related services—Comprise agreed-upon procedures and compilations.
Relevant ethical requirements—Ethical requirements to which the engagement team
and engagement quality control reviewer are subject, which ordinarily comprise Parts A
and B of the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants’ Code of Ethics for
Professional Accountants (IESBA Code) together with national requirements that are
more restrictive.
Reperformance—The auditor’s independent execution of procedures or controls that
were originally performed as part of the entity’s internal controls.
Report on the description and design of controls at a service organization (referred to
in ISA 40218 as a type 1 report)—A report that comprises:
(a) A description, prepared by management of the service organization, of the service
organization’s system, control objectives and related controls that have been
designed and implemented as at a specified date; and
(b) A report by the service auditor with the objective of conveying reasonable
assurance that includes the service auditor’s opinion on the description of the
service organization’s system, control objectives and related controls and the
suitability of the design of the controls to achieve the specified control objectives.
Report on the description, design, and operating effectiveness of controls at a service
organization (referred to in ISA 402 as a type 2 report)—A report that comprises:
(a) A description, prepared by management of the service organization, of the service
organization’s system, control objectives and related controls, their design and
implementation as at a specified date or throughout a specified period and, in some
cases, their operating effectiveness throughout a specified period; and
(b) A report by the service auditor with the objective of conveying reasonable
assurance that includes:
(i) The service auditor’s opinion on the description of the service
organization’s system, control objectives and related controls, the suitability
of the design of the controls to achieve the specified control objectives, and
the operating effectiveness of the controls; and
(ii) A description of the service auditor’s tests of the controls and the results
thereof.
Responsible party—The person (or persons) who:
(a) In a direct reporting engagement, is responsible for the subject matter; or
(b) In an assertion-based engagement, is responsible for the subject matter information
(the assertion), and may be responsible for the subject matter.
The responsible party may or may not be the party who engages the practitioner (the
engaging party).
Review (in relation to quality control)—Appraising the quality of the work performed
and conclusions reached by others.
Review engagement—The objective of a review engagement is to enable an auditor to
state whether, on the basis of procedures which do not provide all the evidence that
would be required in an audit, anything has come to the auditor’s attention that causes
the auditor to believe that the financial statements are not prepared, in all material
respects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework.
Review procedures—The procedures deemed necessary to meet the objective of a
review engagement, primarily inquiries of entity personnel and analytical procedures
applied to financial data.
Risk assessment procedures—The audit procedures performed to obtain an
understanding of the entity and its environment, including the entity’s internal control,
to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error,
at the financial statement and assertion levels.
Risk of material misstatement—The risk that the financial statements are materially
misstated prior to audit. This consists of two components, described as follows at the
assertion level:
(a) Inherent risk—The susceptibility of an assertion about a class of transaction,
account balance or disclosure to a misstatement that could be material, either
individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, before consideration
of any related controls.
(b) Control risk—The risk that a misstatement that could occur in an assertion about a
class of transaction, account balance or disclosure and that could be material, either
individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, will not be prevented, or
detected and corrected, on a timely basis by the entity’s internal control.
Sampling—(see Audit sampling)
Sampling risk—The risk that the auditor’s conclusion based on a sample may be
different from the conclusion if the entire population were subjected to the same audit
procedure. Sampling risk can lead to two types of erroneous conclusions:
(a) In the case of a test of controls, that controls are more effective than they actually
are, or in the case of a test of details, that a material misstatement does not exist
when in fact it does. The auditor is primarily concerned with this type of erroneous
conclusion because it affects audit effectiveness and is more likely to lead to an
inappropriate audit opinion.
(b) In the case of a test of controls, that controls are less effective than they actually
are, or in the case of a test of details, that a material misstatement exists when in
fact it does not. This type of erroneous conclusion affects audit efficiency as it
would usually lead to additional work to establish that initial conclusions were
incorrect.
Sampling unit—The individual items constituting a population.
Scope of a review—The review procedures deemed necessary in the circumstances to
achieve the objective of the review.
Service auditor—An auditor who, at the request of the service organization, provides
an assurance report on the controls of a service organization.
Service organization—A third-party organization (or segment of a third-party
organization) that provides services to user entities that are part of those entities’
information systems relevant to financial reporting.
Service organization’s system—The policies and procedures designed, implemented
and maintained by the service organization to provide user entities with the services
covered by the service auditor’s report.
Significance—The relative importance of a matter, taken in context. The significance of
a matter is judged by the practitioner in the context in which it is being considered. This
might include, for example, the reasonable prospect of its changing or influencing the
decisions of intended users of the practitioner’s report; or, as another example, where
the context is a judgment about whether to report a matter to those charged with
governance, whether the matter would be regarded as important by them in relation to
their duties. Significance can be considered in the context of quantitative and qualitative
factors, such as relative magnitude, the nature and effect on the subject matter and the
expressed interests of intended users or recipients.
Significant component—A component identified by the group engagement team (i) that
is of individual financial significance to the group, or (ii) that, due to its specific nature
or circumstances, is likely to include significant risks of material misstatement of the
group financial statements.
Significant deficiency in internal control—A deficiency or combination of deficiencies
in internal control that, in the auditor’s professional judgment, is of sufficient
importance to merit the attention of those charged with governance.
Significant risk—An identified and assessed risk of material misstatement that, in the
auditor’s judgment, requires special audit consideration.
Smaller entity—An entity which typically possesses qualitative characteristics such as:
(a) Concentration of ownership and management in a small number of individuals
(often a single individual – either a natural person or another enterprise that owns
the entity provided the owner exhibits the relevant qualitative characteristics); and
(b) One or more of the following:
(i) Straightforward or uncomplicated transactions;
(ii) Simple record-keeping;
(iii) Few lines of business and few products within business lines;
(iv) Few internal controls;
(v) Few levels of management with responsibility for a broad range of
controls; or
(vi) Few personnel, many having a wide range of duties.
These qualitative characteristics are not exhaustive, they are not exclusive to
smaller entities, and smaller entities do not necessarily display all of these
characteristics.
Special purpose financial statements—Financial statements prepared in accordance
with a special purpose framework.
Special purpose framework—A financial reporting framework designed to meet the
financial information needs of specific users. The financial reporting framework may be
a fair presentation framework or a compliance framework.19
Staff—Professionals, other than partners, including any experts the firm employs.
Statistical sampling—An approach to sampling that has the following characteristics:
(a) Random selection of the sample items; and
(b) The use of probability theory to evaluate sample results, including measurement of
sampling risk.
A sampling approach that does not have characteristics (a) and (b) is considered nonstatistical
sampling.
Stratification—The process of dividing a population into sub-populations, each of which
is a group of sampling units which have similar characteristics (often monetary value).
Subject matter information—The outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject
matter. It is the subject matter information about which the practitioner gathers sufficient appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for expressing a conclusion in an assurance report.
Subsequent events—Events occurring between the date of the financial statements and
the date of the auditor’s report, and facts that become known to the auditor after the date
of the auditor’s report.
Subservice organization—A service organization used by another service organization
to perform some of the services provided to user entities that are part of those user
entities’ information systems relevant to financial reporting.
Substantive procedure—An audit procedure designed to detect material misstatements
at the assertion level. Substantive procedures comprise:
(a) Tests of details (of classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures); and
(b) Substantive analytical procedures.
Sufficiency (of audit evidence)—The measure of the quantity of audit evidence. The
quantity of the audit evidence needed is affected by the auditor’s assessment of the risks
of material misstatement and also by the quality of such audit evidence.
Suitable criteria—(see Criteria)
Suitably qualified external person—An individual outside the firm with the
competence and capabilities to act as an engagement partner, for example a partner of
another firm, or an employee (with appropriate experience) of either a professional
accountancy body whose members may perform audits and reviews of historical
financial information, or other assurance or related services engagements, or of an
organization that provides relevant quality control services.
Summary financial statements (in the context of ISA 810)—Historical financial
information that is derived from financial statements but that contains less detail than the
financial statements, while still providing a structured representation consistent with that
provided by the financial statements of the entity’s economic resources or obligations at a
point in time or the changes therein for a period of time.20 Different jurisdictions may use
different terminology to describe such historical financial information.
Supplementary information—Information that is presented together with the financial
statements that is not required by the applicable financial reporting framework used to
prepare the financial statements, normally presented in either supplementary schedules
or as additional notes.
Test—The application of procedures to some or all items in a population.
Tests of controls—An audit procedure designed to evaluate the operating effectiveness
of controls in preventing, or detecting and correcting, material misstatements at the
assertion level.
Those charged with governance—The person(s) or organization(s) (for example, a
corporate trustee) with responsibility for overseeing the strategic direction of the entity
and obligations related to the accountability of the entity. This includes overseeing the
financial reporting process. For some entities in some jurisdictions, those charged with
governance may include management personnel, for example, executive members of a
governance board of a private or public sector entity, or an owner-manager.21
Tolerable misstatement—A monetary amount set by the auditor in respect of which the
auditor seeks to obtain an appropriate level of assurance that the monetary amount set
by the auditor is not exceeded by the actual misstatement in the population.
Tolerable rate of deviation—A rate of deviation from prescribed internal control
procedures set by the auditor in respect of which the auditor seeks to obtain an
appropriate level of assurance that the rate of deviation set by the auditor is not
exceeded by the actual rate of deviation in the population.
Uncertainty—A matter whose outcome depends on future actions or events not under
the direct control of the entity but that may affect the financial statements.
Uncorrected misstatements—Misstatements that the auditor has accumulated during
the audit and that have not been corrected.
Unmodified opinion—The opinion expressed by the auditor when the auditor
concludes that the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in
accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework.22
User auditor—An auditor who audits and reports on the financial statements of a user
entity.
User entity—An entity that uses a service organization and whose financial statements
are being audited.
Walk-through test—Involves tracing a few transactions through the financial reporting
system.
Written representation—A written statement by management provided to the auditor to
confirm certain matters or to support other audit evidence. Written representations in
this context do not include financial statements, the assertions therein, or supporting
books and records.

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International Audit in St-Petersburg at the Institute for Enterpise Issues

3 мая 2011 Новости, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России Комментарии к записи International Audit in St-Petersburg at the Institute for Enterpise Issues отключены

The Institute for Enterprise Issues is a member of Kreston International, a worldwide network of experienced, independent accounting firms, which is a member of ‘the Forum of Firms’. Kreston International has been named a full member of the Forum of Firms after reporting it has implemented a globally coordinated quality assurance program, committed to the use of International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), and met other specific ethics requirements. Currently ranking as the 14th largest accounting network in the world, Kreston now covers 75 countries with 500 offices providing a resource of over 15,000 professionals and support staff.
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List of accounting and financial management terms that correspond to International Financial Reporting Standards, and their meaning

26 апреля 2011 МСФО в строительстве, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России Комментарии к записи List of accounting and financial management terms that correspond to International Financial Reporting Standards, and their meaning отключены

List of accounting and financial management terms that correspond to International Financial Reporting Standards, and their meaning

By Sergey Moderov, ACCA, smoderov@mail.ru

accounting policies The specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and
practices applied by an entity in preparing and
presenting financial statements.
IAS 8.5
accounting profit Profit or loss for a period before deducting tax
expense.
IAS 12.5
accrual basis of
accounting
The effects of transactions and other events are
recognised when they occur (and not as cash or its
equivalent is received or paid) and they are recorded
in the accounting records and reported in the
financial statements of the periods to which they
relate.
F.22
accumulating
compensated
absences
Compensated absences that are carried forward and
can be used in future periods if the current period’s
entitlement is not used in full.
IAS 19.13
acquiree The business or businesses that the acquirer obtains
control of in a business combination.
IFRS 3.A
acquirer The entity that obtains control of the acquiree. IFRS 3.A
acquisition date The date on which the acquirer obtains control of
the acquiree.
IFRS 3.A
active market A market in which all the following conditions exist:
(a) the items traded within the market are
homogeneous;
(b) willing buyers and sellers can normally be found
at any time; and
(c) prices are available to the public.
IAS 36.6,
(IAS 38.8),
IAS 41.8
active market A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an
active market if quoted prices are readily and
regularly available from an exchange, dealer,
broker, industry group, pricing service or regulatory
agency, and those prices represent actual and
regularly occurring market transactions on an arm’s
length basis.

actuarial
assumptions
An entity’s unbiased and mutually compatible best
estimates of the demographic and financial
variables that will determine the ultimate cost of
providing post-employment benefits.
IAS 19.72–73
actuarial gains
and losses
(a) Experience adjustments (the effects of differences
between the previous actuarial assumptions and
what has actually occurred); and
(b) the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions.
IAS 19.7
actuarial present
value of promised
retirement benefits
The present value of the expected payments by a
retirement benefit plan to existing and past
employees, attributable to the service already
rendered.
IAS 26.8
adjusting events
after the reporting
period
See ‘events after the reporting period’
agricultural activity The management by an entity of the biological
transformation and harvest of biological assets for
sale or for conversion into agricultural produce or
into additional biological assets.
IAS 41.5
agricultural
produce
The harvested product of the entity’s biological
assets.
IAS 41.5
amortisation
(depreciation)*
The systematic allocation of the depreciable amount
of an asset over its useful life.
IAS 36.6,
IAS 38.8
amortised cost of a
financial asset or
financial liability
The amount at which the financial asset or financial
liability is measured at initial recognition minus
principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative
amortisation using the effective interest method of
any difference between that initial amount and the
maturity amount, and minus any reduction (directly
or through the use of an allowance account) for
impairment or uncollectibility.
IAS 39.9
antidilution An increase in earnings per share or a reduction in
loss per share resulting from the assumption that
convertible instruments are converted, that options
or warrants are exercised, or that ordinary shares are
issued upon the satisfaction of specified conditions.
IAS 33.5
asset A resource:
(a) controlled by an entity as a result of past events;
and
(b) from which future economic benefits are
expected to flow to the entity.
IAS 38.8,
(F.49(a))

assets held by a
long-term employee
benefit fund
Assets (other than non-transferable financial
instruments issued by the reporting entity) that:
(a) are held by an entity (a fund) that is legally
separate from the reporting entity and exists
solely to pay or fund employee benefits; and
(b) are available to be used only to pay or fund
employee benefits, are not available to the
reporting entity’s own creditors (even in
bankruptcy), and cannot be returned to the
reporting entity, unless either:
(i) the remaining assets of the fund are
sufficient to meet all the related employee
benefit obligations of the plan or the
reporting entity; or
(ii) the assets are returned to the reporting
entity to reimburse it for employee benefits
already paid.
IAS 19.7
associate An entity, including an unincorporated entity such
as a partnership, over which the investor has
significant influence and that is neither a subsidiary
nor an interest in a joint venture.
IAS 28.2
basic earnings
per share
Profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders
of the parent entity (the numerator) divided by the
weighted average number of ordinary shares
outstanding during the period (the denominator).
IAS 33.10
biological asset A living animal or plant. IAS 41.5
biological
transformation
The processes of growth, degeneration, production,
and procreation that cause qualitative or
quantitative changes in a biological asset.
IAS 41.5
borrowing costs Interest and other costs that an entity incurs in
connection with the borrowing of funds.
IAS 23.5
business An integrated set of activities and assets that is
capable of being conducted and managed for the
purpose of providing a return in the form of
dividends, lower costs or other economic benefits
directly to investors or other owners, members or
participants.
IFRS 3.A
business
combination
A transaction or other event in which an acquirer
obtains control of one or more businesses.
Transactions sometimes referred to as ‘true mergers’
or ‘mergers of equals’ are also business
combinations as that term is used in IFRS 3.
IFRS 3.A

capital Under a financial concept of capital, such as invested
money or invested purchasing power, the net assets
or equity of the entity. The financial concept of
capital is adopted by most entities.
Under a physical concept of capital, such as
operating capability, the productive capacity of the
entity based on, for example, units of output per day.
F.102
capitalisation Recognising a cost as part of the cost of an asset. IAS 23.9
carrying amount The amount at which an asset is recognised after
deducting any accumulated depreciation
(amortisation) and accumulated impairment losses
thereon.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 36.6,
IAS 38.8
carrying amount The amount at which an asset is recognised in the
statement of financial position.
IAS 40.5,
IAS 41.8
cash Cash on hand and demand deposits. IAS 7.6
cash equivalents Short-term, highly liquid investments that are
readily convertible to known amounts of cash and
which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes
in value.
IAS 7.6
cash flows Inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents. IAS 7.6
cash-generating
unit
The smallest identifiable group of assets that
generates cash inflows that are largely independent
of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of
assets.
IAS 36.6,
IFRS 5.A
cash-settled
share-based
payment
transaction
A share-based payment transaction in which the
entity acquires goods or services by incurring a
liability to transfer cash or other assets to the
supplier of those goods or services for amounts that
are based on the price (or value) of equity
instruments (including shares or share options) of
the entity or another group entity.
IFRS 2.A
cedant The policyholder under a reinsurance contract. IFRS 4.A
change in
accounting
estimate
An adjustment of the carrying amount of an asset or
a liability, or the amount of the periodic
consumption of an asset, that results from the
assessment of the present status of, and expected
future benefits and obligations associated with,
assets and liabilities. Changes in accounting
estimates result from new information or new
developments and, accordingly, are not corrections
of errors.
IAS 8.5
class of assets A grouping of assets of a similar nature and use in an
entity’s operations.
IAS 16.37,
IAS 36.127,
IAS 38.119

class of financial
instruments
Grouping of financial instruments that is
appropriate to the nature of the information
disclosed and that takes into account the
characteristics of those financial instruments.
IFRS 7.6
close members
of the family of
a person
Those family members who may be expected to
influence, or be influenced by, that person in their
dealings with the entity and include:
(a) that person’s children and spouse or domestic
partner;
(b) children of that person’s spouse or domestic
partner
(c) dependants of that person or that person’s
spouse or domestic partner.
IAS 24.9
closing rate The spot exchange rate at the end of the reporting
period.
IAS 21.8
commencement of
the lease term
The date from which the lessee is entitled to exercise
its right to use the leased asset. It is the date of
initial recognition of the lease (ie the recognition of
the assets, liabilities, income or expenses resulting
from the lease, as appropriate).
IAS 17.4

compensation Includes all employee benefits (as defined in IAS 19)
including employee benefits to which IFRS 2 applies.
Employee benefits are all forms of consideration
paid, payable or provided by the entity, or on behalf
of the entity, in exchange for services rendered to
the entity. It also includes such consideration paid
on behalf of a parent of the entity in respect of the
entity. Compensation includes:
(a) short-term employee benefits, such as wages,
salaries and social security contributions, paid
annual leave and paid sick leave, profit-sharing
and bonuses (if payable within twelve months of
the end of the period) and non-monetary
benefits (such as medical care, housing, cars and
free or subsidised goods or services) for current
employees;
(b) post-employment benefits such as pensions,
other retirement benefits, post-employment life
insurance and post-employment medical care;
(c) other long-term employee benefits, including
long-service leave or sabbatical leave, jubilee or
other long-service benefits, long-term disability
benefits and, if they are not payable wholly
within twelve months after the end of the
period, profit-sharing, bonuses and deferred
compensation;
(d) termination benefits; and
(e) share-based payment.
IAS 24.9
component of
an entity
Operations and cash flows that can be clearly
distinguished, operationally and for financial
reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity.
IFRS 5.A
compound financial
instrument
A financial instrument that, from the issuer’s
perspective, contains both a liability and an equity
element.
IAS 32.28–29
consolidated
financial statements
The financial statements of a group presented as
those of a single economic entity.
IAS 27.4,
IAS 28.2
construction
contract
A contract specifically negotiated for the
construction of an asset or a combination of assets
that are closely interrelated or interdependent in
terms of their design, technology and function or
their ultimate purpose or use.
IAS 11.3

constructive
obligation
An obligation that derives from an entity’s actions
where:
(a) by an established pattern of past practice,
published policies or a sufficiently specific
current statement, the entity has indicated to
other parties that it will accept certain
responsibilities; and
(b) as a result, the entity has created a valid
expectation on the part of those other parties
that it will discharge those responsibilities.
IAS 37.10
contingent asset A possible asset that arises from past events and
whose existence will be confirmed only by the
occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more
uncertain future events not wholly within the
control of the entity.
IAS 37.10
contingent
consideration
Usually, an obligation of the acquirer to transfer
additional assets or equity interests to the former
owners of an acquiree as part of the exchange for
control of the acquiree if specified future events
occur or conditions are met. However, contingent
consideration also may give the acquirer the right to
the return of previously transferred consideration if
specified conditions are met.
IFRS 3.A
contingent liability (a) A possible obligation that arises from past
events and whose existence will be confirmed
only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one
or more uncertain future events not wholly
within the control of the entity; or
(b) a present obligation that arises from past events
but is not recognised because:
(i) it is not probable that an outflow of
resources embodying economic benefits will
be required to settle the obligation; or
(ii) the amount of the obligation cannot be
measured with sufficient reliability.
IAS 37.10
contingent rent That portion of the lease payments that is not fixed
in amount but is based on the future amount of a
factor that changes other than with the passage of
time (eg percentage of future sales, amount of future
use, future price indices, future market rates of
interest).
IAS 17.4
contingent share
agreement
An agreement to issue shares that is dependent on
the satisfaction of specified conditions.
IAS 33.5

contingently
issuable
ordinary shares
Ordinary shares issuable for little or no cash or other
consideration upon the satisfaction of specified
conditions in a contingent share agreement.
IAS 33.5
contract An agreement between two or more parties that has
clear economic consequences that the parties have
little, if any, discretion to avoid, usually because the
agreement is enforceable at law. Contracts may take
a variety of forms and need not be in writing.
IAS 32.13
control (of an entity) The power to govern the financial and operating
policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its
activities.
IAS 24.9,
IAS 27.4,
IAS 28.2,
(IAS 31.3),
IFRS 3.A
corporate assets Assets other than goodwill that contribute to the
future cash flows of both the cash-generating unit
under review and other cash-generating units.
IAS 36.6
‘corridor’ A range around an entity’s best estimate of
post-employment benefit obligations.
IAS 19.95
cost The amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the
fair value of the other consideration given to acquire
an asset at the time of its acquisition or
construction, or, when applicable, the amount
attributed to that asset when initially recognised in
accordance with the specific requirements of other
IFRSs, eg IFRS 2.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 38.8,
IAS 40.5
cost of inventories All costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other
costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their
present location and condition.
IAS 2.10
cost of purchase All of the purchase price, import duties and other
taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by
the entity from the taxing authorities), and
transport, handling and other costs directly
attributable to the acquisition of the item. Trade
discounts, rebates and other similar items are
deducted in determining the costs of purchase.
IAS 2.11
cost plus contract A construction contract in which the contractor is
reimbursed for allowable or otherwise defined costs,
plus a percentage of these costs or a fixed fee.
IAS 11.3
costs of conversion Costs directly related to the units of production,
such as direct labour together with a systematic
allocation of fixed and variable production
overheads that are incurred in converting materials
into finished goods.
IAS 2.12

costs of disposal Incremental costs directly attributable to the disposal
of an asset, excluding finance costs and income tax
expense.
IAS 36.6
costs to sell The incremental costs directly attributable to the
disposal of an asset (or disposal group), excluding
finance costs and income tax expense.
IFRS 5.A
(IAS 41.5)
credit risk The risk that one party to a financial instrument will
cause a financial loss for the other party by failing to
discharge an obligation.
IFRS 7.A
currency risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a
financial instrument will fluctuate because of
changes in foreign exchange rates.
IFRS 7.A
current asset An entity shall classify an asset as current when:
(a) it expects to realise the asset or intends to sell or
consume it in its normal operating cycle;
(b) it holds the asset primarily for the purpose of
trading;
(c) it expects to realise the asset within twelve
months after the reporting period
(d) the asset is cash or a cash equivalent (as defined
in IAS 7) unless the asset is restricted from being
exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least
twelve months after the reporting period.
An entity shall classify all other assets as non-current.
IAS 1.66,
(IFRS 5.A)
current cost The amount of cash or cash equivalents that would
have to be paid if the same or an equivalent asset was
acquired currently.
The undiscounted amount of cash or cash equivalents
that would be required to settle an obligation
currently.
F.100(b)
current liability An entity shall classify a liability as current when:
(a) it expects to settle the liability in its normal
operating cycle;
(b) it holds the liability primarily for the purpose of
trading;
(c) the liability is due to be settled within twelve
months after the reporting period; or
(d) the entity does not have an unconditional right
to defer settlement of the liability for at least
twelve months after the reporting period.
An entity shall classify all other liabilities as
non-current.
IAS 1.69

current service cost The increase in the present value of the defined
benefit obligation resulting from employee service in
the current period.
IAS 19.7
current tax The amount of income taxes payable (recoverable) in
respect of the taxable profit (tax loss) for a period.
IAS 12.5
curtailment
(of a defined benefit
plan)
A curtailment occurs when an entity either:
(a) is demonstrably committed to make a significant
reduction in the number of employees covered by
a plan; or
(b) amends the terms of a defined benefit plan so
that a significant element of future service by
current employees will no longer qualify for
benefits, or will qualify only for reduced benefits.
IAS 19.111
date of transition
to IFRSs
The beginning of the earliest period for which an
entity presents full comparative information under
IFRSs in its first IFRS financial statements.
IFRS 1.A
deductible
temporary
differences
Temporary differences between the carrying
amount of an asset or liability in the balance sheet
and its tax base that will result in amounts that are
deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of
future periods when the carrying amount of the
asset or liability is recovered or settled.
IAS 12.5
deemed cost An amount used as a surrogate for cost or depreciated
cost at a given date. Subsequent depreciation or
amortisation assumes that the entity had initially
recognised the asset or liability at the given date and
that its cost was equal to the deemed cost.
IFRS 1.A
deferred tax assets The amounts of income taxes recoverable in future
periods in respect of:
(a) deductible temporary differences;
(b) the carryforward of unused tax losses; and
(c) the carryforward of unused tax credits.
IAS 12.5
deferred tax
liabilities
The amounts of income taxes payable in future
periods in respect of taxable temporary differences.
IAS 12.5

defined benefit
liability
The net total of the following amounts:
(a) the present value of the defined benefit
obligation at the end of the reporting period;
(b) plus any actuarial gains (less any actuarial
losses) not recognised;
(c) minus any past service cost not yet recognised;
(d) minus the fair value at the end of the reporting
period of plan assets (if any) out of which the
obligations are to be settled directly.
IAS 19.54
defined benefit
obligation
(present value of)
The present value, without deducting any plan
assets, of expected future payments required to
settle the obligation resulting from employee service
in the current and prior periods.
IAS 19.7
defined benefit
plans
Post-employment benefit plans other than defined
contribution plans.
IAS 19.7
defined benefit
plans
Retirement benefit plans under which amounts to
be paid as retirement benefits are determined by
reference to a formula usually based on employees’
earnings and/or years of service.
IAS 26.8
defined
contribution
plans
Post-employment benefit plans under which an
entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity
(a fund) and will have no legal or constructive
obligation to pay further contributions if the fund
does not hold sufficient assets to pay all employee
benefits relating to employee service in the current
and prior periods.
IAS 19.7
defined
contribution
plans
Retirement benefit plans under which amounts to
be paid as retirement benefits are determined by
contributions to a fund together with investment
earnings thereon.
IAS 26.8
demonstrably
committed
An entity is demonstrably committed to pay
termination benefits when, and only when, an entity
has a detailed formal plan for the termination and
is without realistic possibility of withdrawal.
The detailed plan shall include, as a minimum:
(a) the location, function, and approximate number
of employees whose services are to be terminated;
(b) the termination benefits for each job
classification or function; and
(c) the time at which the plan will be implemented.
Implementation shall begin as soon as possible
and the period of time to complete
implementation shall be such that material
changes to the plan are not likely.
IAS 19.134

deposit component A contractual component that is not accounted for as
a derivative under IAS 39 and would be within the
scope of IAS 39 if it were a separate instrument.
IFRS 4.A
depreciable amount The cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for
cost (in the financial statements), less its residual
value.
IAS 16.6,
(IAS 36.6,
IAS 38.8)
depreciation
(amortisation)*
The systematic allocation of the depreciable amount
of an asset over its useful life.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 36.6
derecognition (of a
financial instrument)
The removal of a previously recognised financial asset
or financial liability from an entity’s statement of
financial position.
IAS 39.9
derivative A financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 (see paragraphs 2–7) with all three of
the following characteristics:
(a) its value changes in response to the change in a
specified interest rate, financial instrument
price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate,
index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit
index, or other variable, provided in the case of a
non-financial variable that the variable is not
specific to a party to the contract (sometimes
called the ‘underlying’);
(b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial
net investment that is smaller than would be
required for other types of contracts that would
be expected to have a similar response to changes
in market factors; and
(c) it is settled at a future date.
IAS 39.9

derivative financial
instruments
Financial instruments such as financial options,
futures and forwards, interest rate swaps and
currency swaps, which create rights and obligations
that have the effect of transferring between the
parties to the instrument one or more of the financial
risks inherent in an underlying primary financial
instrument. On inception, derivative financial
instruments give one party a contractual right to
exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with
another party under conditions that are potentially
favourable, or a contractual obligation to exchange
financial assets or financial liabilities with another
party under conditions that are potentially
unfavourable. However, they generally do not result
in a transfer of the underlying primary financial
instrument on inception of the contract, nor does
such a transfer necessarily take place on maturity of
the contract. Some instruments embody both a right
and an obligation to make an exchange. Because the
terms of the exchange are determined on inception of
the derivative instrument, as prices in financial
markets change those terms may become either
favourable or unfavourable.
IAS 32.
AG15–AG16
development The application of research findings or other
knowledge to a plan or design for the production of
new or substantially improved materials, devices,
products, processes, systems or services before the
start of commercial production or use.
IAS 38.8
diluted earnings
per share
Profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders
of the parent entity (the numerator), divided by the
weighted average number of ordinary shares
outstanding during the period (the denominator),
both adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential
ordinary shares.
IAS 33.31
dilution A reduction in earnings per share or an increase in
loss per share resulting from the assumption that
convertible instruments are converted, that options
or warrants are exercised, or that ordinary shares are
issued upon the satisfaction of specified conditions.
IAS 33.5
dilutive potential
ordinary shares
Potential ordinary shares whose conversion to
ordinary shares would decrease earnings per share
or increase loss per share from continuing
operations.
IAS 33.41
direct insurance
contract
An insurance contract that is not a reinsurance
contract.
IFRS 4.A

direct method
of reporting
cash flows from
operating activities
A method whereby major classes of gross cash
receipts and gross cash payments are disclosed.
IAS 7.18(a)
discontinued
operation
A component of an entity that either has been
disposed of or is classified as held for sale and:
(a) represents a separate major line of business or
geographical area of operations,
(b) is part of a single co-ordinated plan to dispose of
a separate major line of business or geographical
area of operations or
(c) is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view
to resale.
IFRS 5.A
discretionary
participation
feature
A contractual right to receive, as a supplement to
guaranteed benefits, additional benefits:
(a) that are likely to be a significant portion of the
total contractual benefits;
(b) whose amount or timing is contractually at the
discretion of the issuer; and
(c) that are contractually based on:
(i) the performance of a specified pool of
contracts or a specified type of contract;
(ii) realised and/or unrealised investment
returns on a specified pool of assets held by
the issuer; or
(iii) the profit or loss of the company, fund or
other entity that issues the contract.
IFRS 4.A
disposal group A group of assets to be disposed of, by sale or
otherwise, together as a group in a single
transaction, and liabilities directly associated with
those assets that will be transferred in the
transaction. The group includes goodwill acquired
in a business combination if the group is a
cash-generating unit to which goodwill has been
allocated in accordance with the requirements of
paragraphs 80–87 of IAS 36 or if it is an operation
within such a cash-generating unit.
IFRS 5.A
dividends Distributions of profits to holders of equity
investments in proportion to their holdings of a
particular class of capital.
IAS 18.5

economic life Either:
(a) the period over which an asset is expected to be
economically usable by one or more users; or
(b) the number of production or similar units
expected to be obtained from the asset by one or
more users.
IAS 17.4
effective interest
method
A method of calculating the amortised cost of a
financial asset or a financial liability (or group of
financial assets or financial liabilities) and of
allocating the interest income or interest expense
over the relevant period.
IAS 39.9
effective interest
rate
The rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
payments or receipts through the expected life of the
financial instrument or, when appropriate, a shorter
period to the net carrying amount of the financial
asset or financial liability. When calculating the
effective interest rate, an entity shall estimate cash
flows considering all contractual terms of the
financial instrument (for example, prepayment, call
and similar options) but shall not consider future
credit losses. The calculation includes all fees and
points paid or received between parties to the
contract that are an integral part of the effective
interest rate (see IAS 18), transaction costs, and all
other premiums or discounts. There is a presumption
that the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated
reliably. However, in those rare cases when it is not
possible to estimate reliably the cash flows or the
expected life of a financial instrument (or group of
financial instruments), the entity shall use the
contractual cash flows over the full contractual term
of the financial instrument (or group of financial
instruments).
IAS 39.9

embedded
derivative
A component of a hybrid (combined) contract that
also includes a non-derivative host contract—with the
effect that some of the cash flows of the combined
contract vary in a way similar to a stand-alone
derivative. An embedded derivative causes some or
all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required
by the contract to be modified according to a specified
interest rate, financial instrument price, commodity
price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates,
credit rating or credit index, or other variable,
provided in the case of a non-financial variable that
the variable is not specific to a party to the contract.
A derivative that is attached to a financial instrument
but is contractually transferable independently of
that instrument, or has a different counterparty from
that instrument, is not an embedded derivative, but a
separate financial instrument.
IAS 39.10
employee benefits All forms of consideration given by an entity in
exchange for service rendered by employees.
IAS 19.7
employees and
others
providing
similar services
Individuals who render personal services to the
entity and either (a) the individuals are regarded as
employees for legal or tax purposes, (b) the
individuals work for the entity under its direction in
the same way as individuals who are regarded as
employees for legal or tax purposes, or (c) the
services rendered are similar to those rendered by
employees. For example, the term encompasses all
management personnel, ie those persons having
authority and responsibility for planning, directing
and controlling the activities of the entity, including
non-executive directors.
IFRS 2.A
entity-specific value The present value of the cash flows an entity expects
to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from
its disposal at the end of its useful life or expects to
incur when settling a liability.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 38.8
equity The residual interest in the assets of the entity after
deducting all its liabilities.
F.49(c)
equity instrument A contract that evidences a residual interest in the
assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.
IAS 32.11,
IFRS 2.A
equity instrument
granted
The right (conditional or unconditional) to an equity
instrument of the entity conferred by the entity on
another party, under a share-based payment
arrangement.
IFRS 2.A
equity interests In IFRS 3 is used broadly to mean ownership interests
of investor-owned entities and owner, member or
participant interests of mutual entities.
IFRS 3.A

equity method A method of accounting whereby the investment is
initially recognised at cost and adjusted thereafter
for the post-acquisition change in the investor’s
share of net assets of the investee. The profit or loss
of the investor includes the investor’s share of the
profit or loss of the investee.
IAS 28.2
equity-settled
share-based
payment
transaction
A share-based payment transaction in which the
entity
(a) receives goods or services as consideration for
its own equity instruments (including shares
or share options), or
(b) receives goods or services but has no obligation
to settle the transaction with the supplier.
IFRS 2.A
events after the
reporting period
Those events, favourable and unfavourable, that
occur between the end of the reporting period and
the date when the financial statements are
authorised for issue. Two types of events can be
identified:
(a) those that provide evidence of conditions that
existed at the end of the reporting period
(adjusting events after the reporting period);
and
(b) those that are indicative of conditions that arose
after the reporting period (non-adjusting events
after the reporting period).
IAS 10.3
exchange difference The difference resulting from translating a given
number of units of one currency into another
currency at different exchange rates.
IAS 21.8
exchange rate The ratio of exchange for two currencies. IAS 21.8
expenses Decreases in economic benefits during the
accounting period in the form of outflows or
depletions of assets or incurrences of liabilities that
result in decreases in equity, other than those
relating to distributions to equity participants.
F.70(b)
experience
adjustments
The effects of differences between previous actuarial
assumptions and what has actually occurred.
IAS 19.7
exploration and
evaluation assets
Exploration and evaluation expenditures recognised
as assets in accordance with the entity’s accounting
policy.
IFRS 6.A
exploration and
evaluation
expenditures
Expenditures incurred by an entity in connection
with the exploration for and evaluation of mineral
resources before the technical feasibility and
commercial viability of extracting a mineral
resource are demonstrable.
IFRS 6.A

exploration for
and evaluation of
mineral resources
The search for mineral resources, including
minerals, oil, natural gas and similar
non-regenerative resources after the entity has
obtained legal rights to explore in a specific area, as
well as the determination of the technical feasibility
and commercial viability of extracting the mineral
resource.
IFRS 6.A
fair value The amount for which an asset could be exchanged,
or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing
parties in an arm’s length transaction.
IAS 2.6,
(IAS 16.6),
IAS 17.4,
IAS 18.7,
(IAS 19.7),
(IAS 20.3),
IAS 21.8,
IAS 32.11,
(IAS 38.8),
IAS 39.9,
(IAS 40.5),
IAS 41.8,
IFRS 1.A,
IFRS 3.A,
IFRS 4.A,
IFRS 5.A
fair value The amount for which an asset could be exchanged,
a liability settled, or an equity instrument granted
could be exchanged, between knowledgeable,
willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.
IFRS 2.A
fair value less
costs to sell
The amount obtainable from the sale of an asset or
cash-generating unit in an arm’s length transaction
between knowledgeable, willing parties, less the
costs of disposal.
IAS 36.6
FIFO (first-in,
first-out)
The assumption that the items of inventory that
were purchased or produced first are sold first, and
consequently the items remaining in inventory at
the end of the period are those most recently
purchased or produced.
IAS 2.27
finance lease A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and
rewards incidental to ownership of an asset.
Title may or may not eventually be transferred.
IAS 17.4

financial asset Any asset that is:
(a) cash;
(b) an equity instrument of another entity;
(c) a contractual right:
(i) to receive cash or another financial asset
from another entity; or
(ii) to exchange financial assets or financial
liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to
the entity; or
(d) a contract that will or may be settled in the
entity’s own equity instruments and is:
(i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or
may be obliged to receive a variable number
of the entity’s own equity instruments; or
(ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other
than by the exchange of a fixed amount of
cash or another financial asset for a fixed
number of the entity’s own equity
instruments. For this purpose the entity’s
own equity instruments do not include
puttable financial instruments classified as
equity instruments in accordance with
paragraphs 16A and 16B of IAS 32,
instruments that impose on the entity an
obligation to deliver to another party a pro
rata share of the net assets of the entity only
on liquidation and are classified as equity
instruments in accordance with paragraphs
16C and 16D of IAS 32, or instruments that
are themselves contracts for the future
receipt or delivery of the entity’s own equity
instruments.
IAS 32.11

financial asset or
financial liability
held for trading
A financial asset or financial liability that:
(a) is acquired or incurred principally for the
purpose of selling or repurchasing it in the
near term;
(b) on initial recognition is part of a portfolio of
identified financial instruments that are
managed together and for which there is
evidence of a recent actual pattern of
short-term profit-taking; or
(c) is a derivative (except for a derivative that is a
financial guarantee contract or a designated
and effective hedging instrument).
IAS 39.9
financial guarantee
contract
A contract that requires the issuer to make specified
payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs
because a specified debtor fails to make payment
when due in accordance with the original or
modified terms of a debt instrument.
IAS 39.9,
IFRS 4.A
financial instrument Any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one
entity and a financial liability or equity instrument
of another entity.
IAS 32.11

financial liability Any liability that is:
(a) a contractual obligation:
(i) to deliver cash or another financial asset to
another entity; or
(ii) to exchange financial assets or financial
liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially unfavourable
to the entity; or
(b) a contract that will or may be settled in the
entity’s own equity instruments and is:
(i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or
may be obliged to deliver a variable number
of the entity’s own equity instruments; or
(ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other
than by the exchange of a fixed amount of
cash or another financial asset for a fixed
number of the entity’s own equity
instruments. For this purpose, rights,
options or warrants to acquire a fixed
number of the entity’s own equity
instruments for a fixed amount of any
currency are equity instruments if the entity
offers the rights, options or warrants pro
rata to all of its existing owners of the same
class of its own non-derivative equity
instruments. Also, for these purposes the
entity’s own equity instruments do not
include puttable financial instruments that
are classified as equity instruments in
accordance with paragraphs 16A and 16B of
IAS 32, instruments that impose on the
entity an obligation to deliver to another
party a pro rata share of the net assets of the
entity only on liquidation and are classified
as equity instruments in accordance with
paragraphs 16C and 16D of IAS 32, or
instruments that are contracts for the future
receipt or delivery of the entity’s own equity
instruments.
As an exception, an instrument that meets the
definition of a financial liability is classified as an
equity instrument if it has all the features and meets
the conditions in paragraphs 16A and 16B or
paragraphs 16C and 16D of IAS 32.
IAS 32.11

financial liability
at fair value through
profit or loss
A financial liability that meets either of the
following conditions.
(a) It meets the definition of held for trading.
(b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the
entity as at fair value through profit or loss. An
entity may use this designation only when
permitted by IAS 39 paragraph 11A (embedded
derivatives) or when doing so results in more
relevant information, because either
(i) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
measurement or recognition inconsistency
(sometimes referred to as ‘an accounting
mismatch’) that would otherwise arise from
measuring assets or liabilities or recognising
the gains and losses on them on different
bases; or
(ii) a group of financial liabilities or financial
assets and financial liabilities is managed and
its performance is evaluated on a fair value
basis, in accordance with a documented risk
management or investment strategy, and
information about the group is provided
internally on that basis to the entity’s key
management personnel (as defined in IAS 24).
IAS 39.9
financial position The relationship of the assets, liabilities and equity
of an entity, as reported in the balance sheet
[statement of financial position].
F.47,
IAS 1.54
financial risk The risk of a possible future change in one or more
of a specified interest rate, financial instrument
price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate,
index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index
or other variable, provided in the case of a
non-financial variable that the variable is not
specific to a party to the contract.
IFRS 4.A

financial statements A complete set of financial statements comprises:
(a) a statement of financial position as at the end of
the period;
(b) a statement of comprehensive income for the
period;
(c) a statement of changes in equity for the period;
(d) a statement of cash flows for the period;
(e) notes, comprising a summary of significant
accounting policies and other explanatory
information; and
(f) a statement of financial position as at the
beginning of the earliest comparative period
when an entity applies an accounting policy
retrospectively or makes a retrospective
restatement of items in its financial statements,
or when it reclassifies items in its financial
statements.
IAS 1.10,
(F.7)
financing activities Activities that result in changes in the size and
composition of the contributed equity and
borrowings of the entity.
IAS 7.6
firm commitment A binding agreement for the exchange of a specified
quantity of resources at a specified price on a
specified future date or dates.
IAS 39.9
firm purchase
commitment
An agreement with an unrelated party, binding on
both parties and usually legally enforceable, that
(a) specifies all significant terms, including the price
and timing of the transactions, and (b) includes a
disincentive for non-performance that is sufficiently
large to make performance highly probable.
IFRS 5.A
first IFRS financial
statements
The first annual financial statements in which an
entity adopts International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRSs), by an explicit and unreserved
statement of compliance with IFRSs.
IFRS 1.A
first IFRS
reporting period
The latest reporting period covered by an entity’s
first IFRS financial statements.
IFRS 1.A
first-time adopter An entity that presents its first IFRS financial
statements.
IFRS 1.A
fixed price contract A construction contract in which the contractor
agrees to a fixed contract price, or a fixed rate per
unit of output, which in some cases is subject to cost
escalation clauses.
IAS 11.3

fixed production
overheads
Those indirect costs of production that remain
relatively constant regardless of the volume of
production, such as depreciation and maintenance
of factory buildings and equipment, and the cost of
factory management and administration.
IAS 2.12
forecast transaction An uncommitted but anticipated future transaction. IAS 39.9
foreign currency A currency other than the functional currency of the
entity.
IAS 21.8
foreign currency
transaction
A transaction that is denominated in or requires
settlement in a foreign currency.
IAS 21.20
foreign operation An entity that is a subsidiary, associate, joint venture
or branch of the reporting entity, the activities of
which are based or conducted in a country or
currency other than those of the reporting entity.
IAS 21.8
forgivable loans Loans which the lender undertakes to waive
repayment of under certain prescribed conditions.
IAS 20.3
functional currency The currency of the primary economic environment
in which the entity operates.
IAS 21.8
funding
(of post-employment
benefits)
Contributions by an entity, and sometimes its
employees, into an entity, or fund, that is legally
separate from the reporting entity and from which
the employee benefits are paid.
IAS 19.49
funding
(of retirement
benefits)
The transfer of assets to an entity (the fund) separate
from the employer’s entity to meet future
obligations for the payment of retirement benefits.
IAS 26.8
future economic
benefit
The potential to contribute, directly or indirectly, to
the flow of cash and cash equivalents to the entity.
The potential may be a productive one that is part of
the operating activities of the entity. It may also take
the form of convertibility into cash or cash
equivalents or a capability to reduce cash outflows,
such as when an alternative manufacturing process
lowers the costs of production.
F.53
gains Increases in economic benefits and as such no
different in nature from revenue.
F.75
general purpose
financial statements
Financial statements that are intended to meet the
needs of users who are not in a position to require an
entity to prepare reports tailored to their particular
information needs.
IAS 1.7,
F.6
going concern The financial statements are prepared on a going
concern basis unless management either intends to
liquidate the entity or to cease trading, or has no
realistic alternative but to do so.
IAS 1.25,
(F.23)

goodwill An asset representing the future economic benefits
arising from other assets acquired in a business
combination that are not individually identified and
separately recognised.
IFRS 3.A
government Government, government agencies and similar
bodies whether local, national or international.
IAS 20.3
IAS 24.9
government
assistance
Action by government designed to provide an
economic benefit specific to an entity or range of
entities qualifying under certain criteria.
IAS 20.3
government grants Assistance by government in the form of transfers of
resources to an entity in return for past or future
compliance with certain conditions relating to the
operating activities of the entity. They exclude those
forms of government assistance which cannot
reasonably have a value placed upon them and
transactions with government which cannot be
distinguished from the normal trading transactions
of the entity.
IAS 20.3
government-related
entity
An entity that is controlled, jointly controlled or
significantly influenced by a government.
IAS 24.9
grant date The date at which the entity and another party
(including an employee) agree to a share-based
payment arrangement, being when the entity and
the counterparty have a shared understanding of the
terms and conditions of the arrangement. At grant
date the entity confers on the counterparty the right
to cash, other assets, or equity instruments of the
entity, provided the specified vesting conditions, if
any, are met. If that agreement is subject to an
approval process (for example, by shareholders),
grant date is the date when that approval is
obtained.
IFRS 2.A
grants related to
assets
Government grants whose primary condition is that
an entity qualifying for them should purchase,
construct or otherwise acquire long-term assets.
Subsidiary conditions may also be attached
restricting the type or location of the assets or the
periods during which they are to be acquired or held.
IAS 20.3
grants related to
income
Government grants other than those related to
assets.
IAS 20.3
gross investment
in the lease
The aggregate of:
(a) the minimum lease payments receivable by the
lessor under a finance lease, and
(b) any unguaranteed residual value accruing to the
lessor.
IAS 17.4

group A parent and all its subsidiaries. IAS 21.8,
IAS 27.4
group
administration
(employee benefit)
plans
An aggregation of single employer plans combined
to allow participating employers to pool their assets
for investment purposes and reduce investment
management and administration costs, but the
claims of different employers are segregated for the
sole benefit of their own employees.
IAS 19.33
group of biological
assets
An aggregation of similar living animals or plants. IAS 41.5
guaranteed benefits Payments or other benefits to which a particular
policyholder or investor has an unconditional right
that is not subject to the contractual discretion of
the issuer.
IFRS 4.A
guaranteed element An obligation to pay guaranteed benefits, included
in a contract that contains a discretionary
participation feature.
IFRS 4.A
guaranteed
residual value
(a) For a lessee, that part of the residual value that
is guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related
to the lessee (the amount of the guarantee being
the maximum amount that could, in any event,
become payable); and
(b) for a lessor, that part of the residual value that is
guaranteed by the lessee or by a third party
unrelated to the lessor that is financially
capable of discharging the obligations under the
guarantee.
IAS 17.4
harvest The detachment of produce from a biological asset
or the cessation of a biological asset’s life processes.
IAS 41.5
hedge effectiveness The degree to which changes in the fair value or cash
flows of the hedged item that are attributable to a
hedged risk are offset by changes in the fair value or
cash flows of the hedging instrument (see IAS 39
paragraphs AG105–AG113).
IAS 39.9
hedged item An asset, liability, firm commitment, highly
probable forecast transaction or net investment in
a foreign operation that (a) exposes the entity to
risk of changes in fair value or future cash flows
and (b) is designated as being hedged (IAS 39
paragraphs 78–84 and AG98–AG101 elaborate on
the definition of hedged items).
IAS 39.9

hedging instrument A designated derivative or (for a hedge of the risk of
changes in foreign currency exchange rates only) a
designated non-derivative financial asset or
non-derivative financial liability whose fair value or
cash flows are expected to offset changes in the fair
value or cash flows of a designated hedged item
(IAS 39 paragraphs 72–77 and AG94–AG97 elaborate
on the definition of a hedging instrument).
IAS 39.9
held for trading See ‘financial asset or financial liability held for
trading.
IAS 39.9
highly probable Significantly more likely than probable. IFRS 5.A
hire purchase
contract
The definition of a lease includes contracts for the
hire of an asset that contain a provision giving the
hirer an option to acquire title to the asset upon the
fulfilment of agreed conditions. These contracts are
sometimes known as hire purchase contracts.
IAS 17.6
historical cost A measurement basis according to which assets are
recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents
paid or the fair value of the consideration given to
acquire them at the time of their acquisition.
Liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds
received in exchange for the obligation, or in some
circumstances (for example, income taxes), at the
amounts of cash or cash equivalents expected to be
paid to satisfy the liability in the normal course of
business.
F.100(a)

hyperinflation Loss of purchasing power of money at such a rate
that comparison of amounts from transactions and
other events that have occurred at different times,
even within the same accounting period, is
misleading.
Hyperinflation is indicated by characteristics of the
economic environment of a country which include,
but are not limited to, the following:
(a) the general population prefers to keep its wealth
in non-monetary assets or in a relatively stable
foreign currency. Amounts of local currency
held are immediately invested to maintain
purchasing power.
(b) the general population regards monetary
amounts not in terms of the local currency but
in terms of a relatively stable foreign currency.
Prices may be quoted in that currency.
(c) sales and purchases on credit take place at prices
that compensate for the expected loss of
purchasing power during the credit period, even
if the period is short.
(d) interest rates, wages and prices are linked to a
price index.
(e) the cumulative inflation rate over three years is
approaching, or exceeds, 100%.
IAS 29.2–3
identifiable An asset is identifiable if it either:
(a) is separable, ie capable of being separated or
divided from the entity and sold, transferred,
licensed, rented or exchanged, either
individually or together with a related
contract, identifiable asset or liability,
regardless of whether the entity intends to do
so; or
(a) arises from contractual or other legal rights,
regardless of whether those rights are
transferable or separable from the entity or
from other rights and obligations.
IFRS 3.A
impairment loss The amount by which the carrying amount of an
asset exceeds its recoverable amount.
IAS 16.6,
(IAS 36.6),
IAS 38.8
impracticable Applying a requirement is impracticable when the
entity cannot apply it after making every reasonable
effort to do so.
IAS 1.7,
(IAS 8.5)

imputed rate
of interest
The more clearly determinable of either:
(a) the prevailing rate for a similar instrument of
an issuer with a similar credit rating; or
(b) a rate of interest that discounts the nominal
amount of the instrument to the current cash
sales price of the goods or services.
IAS 18.11
inception of a lease The earlier of the date of the lease agreement and
the date of commitment by the parties to the
principal provisions of the lease.
IAS 17.4
income Increases in economic benefits during the
accounting period in the form of inflows or
enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities
that result in increases in equity, other than those
relating to contributions from equity participants.
F.70(a)
incremental
borrowing rate of
interest (lessee’s)
The rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a
similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate
that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would
incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a
similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the
asset.
IAS 17.4
indirect method
of reporting
cash flows from
operating activities
A method whereby profit or loss is adjusted for the
effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any
deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash
receipts or payments, and items of income or
expense associated with investing or financing cash
flows.
IAS 7.18(b)
initial direct costs Incremental costs that are directly attributable to
negotiating and arranging a lease, except for such
costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors.
IAS 17.4
insurance asset An insurer’s net contractual rights under an
insurance contract.
IFRS 4.A
insurance contract A contract under which one party (the insurer)
accepts significant insurance risk from another
party (the policyholder) by agreeing to compensate
the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event
(the insured event) adversely affects the
policyholder. (See IFRS 4 Appendix B for guidance
on this definition.)
IFRS 4.A
insurance liability An insurer’s net contractual obligations under an
insurance contract.
IFRS 4.A
insurance risk Risk, other than financial risk, transferred from the
holder of a contract to the issuer.
IFRS 4.A

insured event An uncertain future event that is covered by an
insurance contract and creates insurance risk.
IFRS 4.A
insurer The party that has an obligation under an insurance
contract to compensate a policyholder if an insured
event occurs.
IFRS 4.A
intangible asset An identifiable non-monetary asset without physical
substance.
IAS 38.8,
IFRS 3.A
interest cost
(for an employee
benefit plan)
The increase during a period in the present value of
a defined benefit obligation which arises because the
benefits are one period closer to settlement.
IAS 19.7
interest rate
implicit in the lease
The discount rate that, at the inception of the lease,
causes the aggregate present value of (a) the
minimum lease payments and (b) the unguaranteed
residual value to be equal to the sum of (i) the fair
value of the leased asset and (ii) any initial direct
costs of the lessor.
IAS 17.4
interest rate risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a
financial instrument will fluctuate because of
changes in market interest rates.
IFRS 7.A
interim
financial report
A financial report containing either a complete set
of financial statements (as described in IAS 1) or a set
of condensed financial statements (as described in
IAS 34) for an interim period.
IAS 34.4
interim period A financial reporting period shorter than a full
financial year.
IAS 34.4
International
Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRSs)
Standards and Interpretations adopted by the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
They comprise:
(a) International Financial Reporting Standards;
(b) International Accounting Standards; and
(c) Interpretations developed by the International
Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee
(IFRIC) or the former Standing Interpretations
Committee (SIC).
IAS 1.7,
IAS 8.5,
IFRS 1.A
intrinsic value The difference between the fair value of the shares to
which the counterparty has the (conditional or
unconditional) right to subscribe or which it has the
right to receive, and the price (if any) the
counterparty is (or will be) required to pay for those
shares. For example, a share option with an exercise
price of CU15,* on a share with a fair value of CU20,
has an intrinsic value of CU5.
IFRS 2.A

inventories Assets:
(a) held for sale in the ordinary course of business;
(b) in the process of production for such sale; or
(c) in the form of materials or supplies to be
consumed in the production process or in the
rendering of services.
Inventories encompass goods purchased and held for
resale including, for example, merchandise
purchased by a retailer and held for resale, or land
and other property held for resale. Inventories also
encompass finished goods produced, or work in
progress being produced, by the entity and include
materials and supplies awaiting use in the production
process. In the case of a service provider, inventories
include the costs of the service, as described in IAS 2
paragraph 19, for which the entity has not yet
recognised the related revenue (see IAS 18).
IAS 2.6,
IAS 2.8
investing activities The acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and
other investments not included in cash equivalents.
IAS 7.6
investment property Property (land or a building—or part of a building—or
both) held (by the owner or by the lessee under a
finance lease) to earn rentals or for capital
appreciation or both, rather than for:
(a) use in the production or supply of goods or
services or for administrative purposes; or
(b) sale in the ordinary course of business.
IAS 40.5
investor in a
joint venture
A party to a joint venture that does not have joint
control over that joint venture.
IAS 31.3
joint control The contractually agreed sharing of control over an
economic activity.
IAS 24.9
joint control The contractually agreed sharing of control over an
economic activity; it exists only when the strategic
financial and operating decisions relating to the
activity require the unanimous consent of the
parties sharing control (the venturers).
IAS 28.2,
IAS 31.3
joint venture A contractual arrangement whereby two or more
parties undertake an economic activity that is
subject to joint control.
IAS 31.3,
IFRS 3.A

jointly controlled
entity
A joint venture that involves the establishment of a
corporation, partnership or other entity in which
each venturer has an interest. The entity operates in
the same way as other entities, except that a
contractual arrangement between the venturers
establishes joint control over the economic activity
of the entity.
IAS 31.24
key management
personnel
Those persons having authority and responsibility
for planning, directing and controlling the activities
of the entity, directly or indirectly, including any
director (whether executive or otherwise) of that
entity.
IAS 24.9
lease An agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the
lessee in return for a payment or series of payments
the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time.
IAS 17.4
lease term The non-cancellable period for which the lessee has
contracted to lease the asset together with any
further terms for which the lessee has the option to
continue to lease the asset, with or without further
payment, when at the inception of the lease it is
reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise the
option.
IAS 17.4
legal obligation An obligation that derives from:
(a) a contract (through its explicit or implicit
terms);
(b) legislation; or
(c) other operation of law.
IAS 37.10
lessee’s incremental
borrowing rate of
interest
The rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a
similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate
that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would
incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a
similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the
asset.
IAS 17.4
liability A present obligation of the entity arising from past
events, the settlement of which is expected to result
in an outflow from the entity of resources
embodying economic benefits.
IAS 37.10,
F.49(b)
liability adequacy
test
An assessment of whether the carrying amount of an
insurance liability needs to be increased (or the
carrying amount of related deferred acquisition
costs or related intangible assets decreased), based
on a review of future cash flows.
IFRS 4.A
liquidity The availability of cash in the near future after
taking account of financial commitments over this
period.
F.16

liquidity risk The risk that an entity will encounter difficulty in
meeting obligations associated with financial
liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or
another financial asset.
IFRS 7.A
loans payable Financial liabilities other than short-term trade
payables on normal credit terms.
IFRS 7.A
losses Decreases in economic benefits and as such no
different in nature from other expenses.
F.79
market condition A condition upon which the exercise price, vesting
or exercisability of an equity instrument depends
that is related to the market price of the entity’s
equity instruments, such as attaining a specified
share price or a specified amount of intrinsic value
of a share option, or achieving a specified target that
is based on the market price of the entity’s equity
instruments relative to an index of market prices of
equity instruments of other entities.
IFRS 2.A
market risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a
financial instrument will fluctuate because of
changes in market prices. Market risk comprises
three types of risk: currency risk, interest rate risk
and other price risk.
IFRS 7.A
master netting
arrangement
An arrangement providing for an entity that
undertakes a number of financial instrument
transactions with a single counterparty to make a
single net settlement of all financial instruments
covered by the agreement in the event of default on,
or termination of, any one contract.
IAS 32.50
matching of costs
with revenues
A process in which expenses are recognised in the
income statement [statement of comprehensive
income] on the basis of a direct association between
the costs incurred and the earning of specific items
of income. This process involves the simultaneous or
combined recognition of revenues and expenses that
result directly and jointly from the same
transactions or other events. However, the
application of the matching concept does not allow
the recognition of items in the balance sheet
[statement of financial position] which do not meet
the definition of assets or liabilities.
F.95

material Omissions or misstatements of items are material if
they could, individually or collectively, influence the
economic decisions that users make on the basis of
the financial statements. Materiality depends on
the size and nature of the omission or misstatement
judged in the surrounding circumstances. The size
or nature of the item, or a combination of both,
could be the determining factor.
IAS 1.7,
IAS 8.5
materiality Information is material if its omission or
misstatement could influence the economic
decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial
statements.
F.30
measurement The process of determining the monetary amounts
at which the elements of the financial statements
are to be recognised and carried in the balance sheet
[statement of financial position] and income
statement [statement of comprehensive income].
F.99
measurement date The date at which the fair value of the equity
instruments granted is measured for the purposes of
IFRS 2. For transactions with employees and others
providing similar services, the measurement date is
grant date. For transactions with parties other than
employees (and those providing similar services), the
measurement date is the date the entity obtains the
goods or the counterparty renders service.
IFRS 2.A
minimum lease
payments
The payments over the lease term that the lessee is or
can be required to make, excluding contingent rent,
costs for services and taxes to be paid by and
reimbursed to the lessor, together with:
(a) for a lessee, any amounts guaranteed by the
lessee or by a party related to the lessee; or
(b) for a lessor, any residual value guaranteed to the
lessor by:
(i) the lessee;
(ii) a party related to the lessee; or
(iii) a third party unrelated to the lessor that is
financially capable of discharging the
obligations under the guarantee.
IAS 17.4
minority interest See ‘non-controlling interest’
monetary assets Money held and assets to be received in fixed or
determinable amounts of money.
IAS 38.8
monetary items Units of currency held and assets and liabilities to be
received or paid in a fixed or determinable number
of units of currency.
IAS 21.8

monetary items Money held and items to be received or paid in
money.
IAS 29.12
multi-employer
(benefit) plans
Defined contribution plans (other than state plans)
or defined benefit plans (other than state plans) that:
(a) pool the assets contributed by various entities
that are not under common control; and
(b) use those assets to provide benefits to employees
of more than one entity, on the basis that
contribution and benefit levels are determined
without regard to the identity of the entity that
employs the employees concerned.
IAS 19.7
mutual entity An entity, other than an investor-owned entity, that
provides dividends, lower costs or other economic
benefits directly to its owners, members or
participants. For example, a mutual insurance
company, a credit union and a co-operative entity
are all mutual entities.
IFRS 3.A
net assets available
for benefits
The assets of a plan less liabilities other than the
actuarial present value of promised retirement
benefits.
IAS 26.8
net investment in a
foreign operation
The amount of the reporting entity’s interest in the
net assets of that operation.
IAS 21.8
net investment in
the lease
The gross investment in the lease discounted at the
interest rate implicit in the lease.
IAS 17.4
net realisable value The estimated selling price in the ordinary course of
business less the estimated costs of completion and
the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
Net realisable value refers to the net amount that an
entity expects to realise from the sale of inventory in
the ordinary course of business. Fair value reflects
the amount for which the same inventory could be
exchanged between knowledgeable and willing
buyers and sellers in the marketplace. The former
is an entity-specific value; the latter is not.
Net realisable value for inventories may not equal
fair value less costs to sell.
IAS 2.6–7
neutrality Freedom from bias of the information contained in
financial statements.
F.36

non-adjusting
events after the
reporting period
See ‘events after the reporting period’

non-cancellable lease A lease that is cancellable only:
(a) upon the occurrence of some remote
contingency;
(b) with the permission of the lessor;
(c) if the lessee enters into a new lease for the same
or an equivalent asset with the same lessor; or
(d) upon payment by the lessee of such an
additional amount that, at inception of the
lease, continuation of the lease is reasonably
certain.
IAS 17.4
non-controlling
interest
The equity in a subsidiary not attributable, directly
or indirectly, to a parent.
IAS 27.4,
IFRS 3.A
non-current asset An asset that does not meet the definition of a
current asset.
IFRS 5.A
normal capacity of
production facilities
The production expected to be achieved on average
over a number of periods or seasons under normal
circumstances, taking into account the loss of
capacity resulting from planned maintenance.
IAS 2.13
notes Notes contain information in addition to that
presented in the statement of financial position,
statement of comprehensive income, separate
income statement (if presented), statement of
changes in equity and statement of cash flows. Notes
provide narrative descriptions or disaggregations of
items presented in those statements and information
about items that do not qualify for recognition in
those statements.
IAS 1.7
obligating event An event that creates a legal or constructive
obligation that results in an entity having no realistic
alternative to settling that obligation.
IAS 37.10
obligation A duty or responsibility to act or perform in a certain
way. Obligations may be legally enforceable as a
consequence of a binding contract or statutory
requirement. Obligations also arise, however, from
normal business practice, custom and a desire to
maintain good business relations or act in an
equitable manner.
F.60
offsetting See ‘set-off, legal right of’
onerous contract A contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting
the obligations under the contract exceed the
economic benefits expected to be received under it.
IAS 37.10
opening IFRS
statement of
financial position
An entity’s statement of financial position at the date
of transition to IFRSs.
IFRS 1.A

operating activities The principal revenue-producing activities of an
entity and other activities that are not investing or
financing activities.
IAS 7.6,
IAS 14.8
operating cycle The time between the acquisition of assets for
processing and their realisation in cash or cash
equivalents.
IAS 1.68
operating lease A lease other than a finance lease. IAS 17.4
operating segment An operating segment is a component of an entity:
(a) that engages in business activities from which it
may earn revenues and incur expenses (including
revenues and expenses relating to transactions
with other components of the same entity),
(b) whose operating results are regularly reviewed by
the entity’s chief operating decision maker to
make decisions about resources to be allocated to
the segment and assess its performance, and
(c) for which discrete financial information is
available.
IFRS 8.A
options, warrants
and their
equivalents
Financial instruments that give the holder the right
to purchase ordinary shares.
IAS 33.5
ordinary equity
holders
Holders of ordinary shares. IAS 33.5–9
ordinary share An equity instrument that is subordinate to all other
classes of equity instruments.
IAS 33.5
originated loans
and receivables
See ‘loans and receivables’
other
comprehensive
income
Items of income and expense (including
reclassification adjustments) that are not recognised
in profit or loss as required or permitted by other
IFRSs.
IAS 1.7
other long-term
employee benefits
Employee benefits (other than post-employment
benefits and termination benefits) that are not due
to be settled within twelve months after the end of
the period in which the employees render the
related service.
IAS 19.7
other price risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a
financial instrument will fluctuate because of
changes in market prices (other than those arising
from interest rate risk or currency risk), whether
those changes are caused by factors specific to the
individual financial instrument or its issuer, or
factors affecting all similar financial instruments
traded in the market.
IFRS 7.A

owner-occupied
property
Property held (by the owner or by the lessee under a
finance lease) for use in the production or supply of
goods or services or for administrative purposes.
IAS 40.5
owners Holders of instruments classified as equity. IAS 1.7
owners In IFRS 3 owners is used broadly to include holders of
equity interests of investor-owned entities and
owners or members of, or participants in, mutual
entities.
IFRS 3.A
parent An entity that has one or more subsidiaries. IAS 27.4,
IFRS 3.A
participants The members of a retirement benefit plan and others
who are entitled to benefits under the plan.
IAS 26.8
past due A financial asset is past due when a counterparty has
failed to make a payment when contractually due.
IFRS 7.A
past service cost The change in the present value of the defined
benefit obligation for employee service in prior
periods, resulting in the current period from the
introduction of, or changes to, post-employment
benefits or other long-term employee benefits. Past
service cost may be either positive (when benefits are
introduced or changed so that the present value of
the defined benefit obligation increases) or negative
(when existing benefits are changed so that the
present value of the defined benefit obligation
decreases).
IAS 19.7
percentage of
completion method
The recognition of revenue and expenses by
reference to the stage of completion of a contract.
Under this method contract revenue is matched
with the contract costs incurred in reaching the
stage of completion, resulting in the reporting of
revenue, expenses and profit which can be
attributed to the proportion of work completed.
IAS 11.25
performance The relationship of the income and expenses of an
entity, as reported in the income statement
[statement of comprehensive income].
F.47
plan assets (of an
employee benefit
plan)
(a) Assets held by a long-term employee benefit
fund; and
(b) qualifying insurance policies.
IAS 19.7
policyholder A party that has a right to compensation under an
insurance contract if an insured event occurs.
IFRS 4.A
post-employment
benefits
Employee benefits (other than termination benefits)
which are payable after the completion of
employment.
IAS 19.7

post-employment
benefit plans
Formal or informal arrangements under which an
entity provides post-employment benefits for one or
more employees.
IAS 19.7
potential
ordinary share
A financial instrument or other contract that may
entitle its holder to ordinary shares.
IAS 33.5
presentation
currency
The currency in which the financial statements are
presented.
IAS 21.8
present value A current estimate of the present discounted value
of the future net cash flows in the normal course of
business.
F.100(d)
present value of a
defined benefit
obligation
See ‘defined benefit obligation (present value of)’ IAS 19.7
previous GAAP The basis of accounting that a first-time adopter
used immediately before adopting IFRSs.
IFRS 1.A
primary financial
instruments
Financial instruments, such as receivables, payables
and equity securities, that are not derivative
financial instruments.
IAS 32.AG15
prior period errors Omissions from, and misstatements in, the entity’s
financial statements for one or more prior periods
arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable
information that:
(a) was available when financial statements for
those periods were authorised for issue; and
(b) could reasonably be expected to have been
obtained and taken into account in the
preparation and presentation of those financial
statements.
Such errors include the effects of mathematical
mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies,
oversights or misinterpretations of facts, and fraud.
IAS 8.5
probable More likely than not. IFRS 5.A,
(IAS 37.23)
profit The residual amount that remains after expenses
(including capital maintenance adjustments, where
appropriate) have been deducted from income. Any
amount over and above that required to maintain
the capital at the beginning of the period is profit.
F.105, F.107
profit or loss The total of income less expenses, excluding the
components of other comprehensive income.
IAS 1.7

projected unit credit
method
An actuarial valuation method that sees each period
of service as giving rise to an additional unit of
benefit entitlement and measures each unit
separately to build up the final obligation
(sometimes known as the accrued benefit method
pro-rated on service or as the benefit/years of service
method).
IAS 19.64–66
property, plant and
equipment
Tangible items that:
(a) are held for use in the production or supply of
goods or services, for rental to others, or for
administrative purposes; and
(b) are expected to be used during more than one
period.
IAS 16.6
proportionate
consolidation
A method of accounting and reporting whereby a
venturer’s share of each of the assets, liabilities,
income and expenses of a jointly controlled entity is
combined line by line with similar items in the
venturer’s financial statements or reported as
separate line items in the venturer’s financial
statements.
IAS 31.3
prospective
application
Prospective application of a change in accounting
policy and of recognising the effect of a change in an
accounting estimate, respectively, are:
(a) applying the new accounting policy to
transactions, other events and conditions
occurring after the date as at which the policy is
changed; and
(b) recognising the effect of the change in the
accounting estimate in the current and future
periods affected by the change.
IAS 8.5
provision A liability of uncertain timing or amount. IAS 37.10
prudence The inclusion of a degree of caution in the exercise
of the judgements needed in making the estimates
required under conditions of uncertainty, such that
assets or income are not overstated and liabilities or
expenses are not understated.
F.37
put options
(on ordinary shares)
Contracts that give the holder the right to sell
ordinary shares at a specified price for a given
period.
IAS 33.5

puttable instrument A financial instrument that gives the holder the
right to put the instrument back to the issuer for
cash or another financial asset or is automatically
put back to the issuer on the occurrence of an
uncertain future event or the death or retirement of
the instrument holder.
IAS 32.11
qualifying asset An asset that necessarily takes a substantial period
of time to get ready for its intended use or sale.
IAS 23.5
qualifying insurance
policy
An insurance policy issued by an insurer that is not
a related party (as defined in IAS 24) of the reporting
entity, if the proceeds of the policy:
(a) can be used only to pay or fund employee
benefits under a defined benefit plan;
(b) are not available to the reporting entity’s own
creditors (even in bankruptcy) and cannot be
paid to the reporting entity, unless either:
(i) the proceeds represent surplus assets that
are not needed for the policy to meet all the
related employee benefit obligations; or
(ii) the proceeds are returned to the reporting
entity to reimburse it for employee benefits
already paid.
IAS 19.7
realisable value The amount of cash or cash equivalents that could
currently be obtained by selling an asset in an
orderly disposal.
F.100(c)
reclassification
adjustments
Amounts reclassified to profit or loss in the current
period that were recognised in other comprehensive
income in the current or previous periods.
IAS 1.7
reclassification date The first day of the first reporting period following
the change in business model that results in an
entity reclassifying financial assets.
IFRS 9.A
recognition The process of incorporating in the balance sheet
[statement of financial position] or income
statement [statement of comprehensive income] an
item that meets the definition of an element and
satisfies the following criteria for recognition:
(a) it is probable that any future economic benefit
associated with the item will flow to or from the
entity; and
(b) the item has a cost or value that can be
measured with reliability.
F.82–83
recoverable amount The higher of an asset’s (or cash-generating unit’s)
fair value less costs to sell and its value in use.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 36.6,
IFRS 5.A

regular way
purchase or sale
A purchase or sale of a financial asset under a
contract whose terms require delivery of the asset
within the time frame established generally by
regulation or convention in the marketplace
concerned.
IAS 39.9
reinsurance assets A cedant’s net contractual rights under a
reinsurance contract.
IFRS 4.A
reinsurance contract An insurance contract issued by one insurer (the
reinsurer) to compensate another insurer (the
cedant) for losses on one or more contracts issued by
the cedant.
IFRS 4.A
reinsurer The party that has an obligation under a reinsurance
contract to compensate a cedant if an insured event
occurs.
IFRS 4.A

related party A person or entity that is related to the entity that is
preparing its financial statements (in IAS 24 referred
to as the ‘reporting entity’).
(a) A person or a close member of that person’s
family is related to a reporting entity if that
person:
(i) has control or joint control over the
reporting entity;
(ii) has significant influence over the
reporting entity; or
(iii) is a member of the key management
personnel of the reporting entity or of a
parent of the reporting entity.
(b) An entity is related to a reporting entity if any
of the following conditions applies:
(i) The entity and the reporting entity are
members of the same group (which
means that each parent, subsidiary and
fellow subsidiary is related to the others).
(ii) One entity is an associate or joint
venture of the other entity (or an
associate or joint venture of a member of
a group of which the other entity is a
member).
(iii) Both entities are joint ventures of the
same third party.
(iv) One entity is a joint venture of a third
entity and the other entity is an associate
of the third entity.
(v) The entity is a post-employment benefit
plan for the benefit of employees of
either the reporting entity or an entity
related to the reporting entity. If the
reporting entity is itself such a plan, the
sponsoring employers are also related to
the reporting entity.
(vi) The entity is controlled or jointly
controlled by a person identified in (a).
(vii) A person identified in (a)(i) has
significant influence over the entity or is
a member of the key management
personnel of the entity (or of a parent of
the entity). IAS 24.9

related party
transaction
A transfer of resources, services or obligations
between a reporting entity and a related party,
regardless of whether a price is charged.
IAS 24.9
relevance Information has the quality of relevance when it
influences the economic decisions of users by
helping them evaluate past, present or future events
or confirming, or correcting, their past evaluations.
F.26
reliability Information has the quality of reliability when it is
free from material error and bias and can be
depended upon by users to represent faithfully that
which it either purports to represent or could
reasonably be expected to represent.
F.31
reload feature A feature that provides for an automatic grant of
additional share options whenever the option holder
exercises previously granted options using the
entity’s shares, rather than cash, to satisfy the
exercise price.
IFRS 2.A
reload option A new share option granted when a share is used to
satisfy the exercise price of a previous share option.
IFRS 2.A
reportable segment An operating segment for which IFRS 8 requires
information to be disclosed.
IFRS 8.11
reporting entity An entity for which there are users who rely on the
financial statements as their major source of
financial information about the entity.
F.8
research Original and planned investigation undertaken with
the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical
knowledge and understanding.
IAS 38.8
residual value
(of an asset)
The estimated amount that an entity would
currently obtain from disposal of an asset, after
deducting the estimated costs of disposal, if the asset
were already of the age and in the condition
expected at the end of its useful life.
IAS 16.6,
(IAS 38.8)
restructuring A programme that is planned and controlled by
management, and materially changes either:
(a) the scope of a business undertaken by an entity; or
(b) the manner in which that business is conducted.
IAS 37.10
retirement
benefit plans
Arrangements whereby an entity provides benefits
for its employees on or after termination of service
(either in the form of an annual income or as a lump
sum) when such benefits, or the employer’s
contributions towards them, can be determined or
estimated in advance of retirement from the
provisions of a document or from the entity’s
practices. (See also ‘post-employment benefit plans’.)
IAS 26.8

retrospective
application
Applying a new accounting policy to transactions,
other events and conditions as if that policy had
always been applied.
IAS 8.5
retrospective
restatement
Correcting the recognition, measurement and
disclosure of amounts of elements of financial
statements as if a prior period error had never
occurred.
IAS 8.5
return on plan assets
(of an employee
benefit plan)
Interest, dividends and other revenue derived from
the plan assets, together with realised and
unrealised gains or losses on the plan assets, less any
costs of administering the plan (other than those
included in the actuarial assumptions used to
measure the defined benefit obligation) and less any
tax payable by the plan itself.
IAS 19.7
revaluation Restatement of assets and liabilities. F.81
revalued amount of
an asset
The fair value of an asset at the date of a revaluation
less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and
subsequent accumulated impairment losses.
IAS 16.31
revenue The gross inflow of economic benefits during the
period arising in the course of the ordinary activities
of an entity when those inflows result in increases in
equity, other than increases relating to
contributions from equity participants.
IAS 18.7
reverse acquisition An acquisition where the acquirer is the entity
whose equity interests have been acquired and the
issuing entity is the acquiree. This might be the case
when, for example, a private entity arranges to have
itself ‘acquired’ by a smaller public entity as a means
of obtaining a stock exchange listing.
IFRS 3.21
rewards associated
with a leased asset
Rewards may be represented by the expectation of
profitable operation over the asset’s economic life
and of gain from appreciation in value or realisation
of a residual value.
IAS 17.7
risks associated
with a leased asset
Risks include possibilities of losses from idle
capacity or technological obsolescence and of
variations in return because of changing economic
conditions.
IAS 17.7
sale and leaseback
transaction
The sale of an asset and the leasing back of the same
asset. The lease payment and the sale price are
usually interdependent because they are negotiated
as a package.
IAS 17.58

separate
financial statements
Those presented by a parent, an investor in an
associate or a venturer in a jointly controlled entity,
in which the investments are accounted for on the
basis of the direct equity interest rather than on the
basis of the reported results and net assets of the
investees.
IAS 27.4,
IAS 28.2,
IAS 31.3
set-off, legal right of A debtor’s legal right, by contract or otherwise, to
settle or otherwise eliminate all or a portion of an
amount due to a creditor by applying against that
amount an amount due from the creditor.
IAS 32.45
settlement
(of employee
benefit
obligations)
A transaction that eliminates all further legal or
constructive obligation for part or all of the benefits
provided under a defined benefit plan, for example,
when a lump-sum cash payment is made to, or on
behalf of, plan participants in exchange for their
rights to receive specified post-employment benefits.
IAS 19.112
settlement date The date that a financial asset is delivered to or by an
entity.
IAS 39.AG56
settlement value The undiscounted amounts of cash or cash
equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the
liabilities in the normal course of business.
F.100(c)
share-based
payment
arrangement
An agreement between the entity (or another group*
entity or any shareholder of the group entity) and
another party (including an employee) that entitles
the other party to receive
(a) cash or other assets of the entity for amounts
that are based on the price (or value) of equity
instruments (including shares or share
options) of the entity or another group entity,
or
(b) equity instruments (including shares or share
options) of the entity or another group entity,
provided the specified vesting conditions, if any, are
met.
IFRS 2.A
*

share-based
payment
transaction
A transaction in which the entity
(a) receives goods or services from the supplier of
those goods or services (including an
employee) in a share-based payment
arrangement, or
(b) incurs an obligation to settle the transaction
with the supplier in a share-based payment
arrangement when another group entity
receives those goods or services.
IFRS 2.A
share option A contract that gives the holder the right, but not the
obligation, to subscribe to the entity’s shares at a
fixed or determinable price for a specific period of
time.
IFRS 2.A
short seller An entity that sells financial assets that it has
borrowed and does not yet own.
IAS 39.AG15
short-term
employee benefits
Employee benefits (other than termination benefits)
that are due to be settled within twelve months after
the end of the period in which the employees render
the related service.
IAS 19.7
significant influence The power to participate in the financial and
operating policy decisions of an entity, but not
control over those policies. Significant influence
may be gained by share ownership, statute or
agreement.
IAS 24.9,
(IAS 28.2),
(IAS 31.3)
solvency The availability of cash over the longer term to meet
financial commitments as they fall due.
F.16
spot exchange rate The exchange rate for immediate delivery. IAS 21.8
state (employee
benefit) plan
Employee benefit plans established by legislation to
cover all entities (or all entities in a particular
category, for example a specific industry) and
operated by national or local government or by
another body (for example an autonomous agency
created specifically for this purpose) which is not
subject to control or influence by the reporting
entity.
IAS 19.37
subsidiary An entity, including an unincorporated entity such
as a partnership, that is controlled by another entity
(known as the parent).
IFRS 3.A,
IAS 27.4,
IAS 28.2
substance over form The principle that transactions and other events are
accounted for and presented in accordance with
their substance and economic reality and not merely
their legal form.
F.35,
(IAS 8.7–10)

share-based
payment
transaction
A transaction in which the entity
(a) receives goods or services from the supplier of
those goods or services (including an
employee) in a share-based payment
arrangement, or
(b) incurs an obligation to settle the transaction
with the supplier in a share-based payment
arrangement when another group entity
receives those goods or services.
IFRS 2.A
share option A contract that gives the holder the right, but not the
obligation, to subscribe to the entity’s shares at a
fixed or determinable price for a specific period of
time.
IFRS 2.A
short seller An entity that sells financial assets that it has
borrowed and does not yet own.
IAS 39.AG15
short-term
employee benefits
Employee benefits (other than termination benefits)
that are due to be settled within twelve months after
the end of the period in which the employees render
the related service.
IAS 19.7
significant influence The power to participate in the financial and
operating policy decisions of an entity, but not
control over those policies. Significant influence
may be gained by share ownership, statute or
agreement.
IAS 24.9,
(IAS 28.2),
(IAS 31.3)
solvency The availability of cash over the longer term to meet
financial commitments as they fall due.
F.16
spot exchange rate The exchange rate for immediate delivery. IAS 21.8
state (employee
benefit) plan
Employee benefit plans established by legislation to
cover all entities (or all entities in a particular
category, for example a specific industry) and
operated by national or local government or by
another body (for example an autonomous agency
created specifically for this purpose) which is not
subject to control or influence by the reporting
entity.
IAS 19.37
subsidiary An entity, including an unincorporated entity such
as a partnership, that is controlled by another entity
(known as the parent).
IFRS 3.A,
IAS 27.4,
IAS 28.2
substance over form The principle that transactions and other events are
accounted for and presented in accordance with
their substance and economic reality and not merely
their legal form.
F.35,
(IAS 8.7–10)

transitional liability
(defined benefit
plans)
For an entity on first adopting IAS 19:
(a) the present value of the obligation at the date of
adoption;
(b) minus the fair value, at the date of adoption, of
plan assets (if any) out of which the obligations
are to be settled directly;
(c) minus any past service cost that shall be
recognised in later periods.
IAS 19.154
treasury shares An entity’s own equity instruments, held by the
entity or other members of the consolidated group.
IAS 32.33
unbundle Account for the components of a contract as if they
were separate contracts.
IFRS 4.A
understandability Information provided in financial statements has
the quality of understandability when it is
comprehensible to users who have a reasonable
knowledge of business and economic activities and
accounting and a willingness to study the
information with reasonable diligence.
F.25
unearned finance
income
The difference between:
(a) the gross investment in the lease, and
(b) the net investment in the lease.
IAS 17.4
unguaranteed
residual value
That portion of the residual value of the leased asset,
the realisation of which by the lessor is not assured
or is guaranteed solely by a party related to the
lessor.
IAS 17.4
useful life The estimated remaining period, from the
commencement of the lease term, without
limitation by the lease term, over which the
economic benefits embodied in the asset are
expected to be consumed by the entity.
IAS 17.4
useful life Either:
(a) the period over which an asset is expected to be
available for use by an entity; or
(b) the number of production or similar units
expected to be obtained from the asset by the
entity.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 36.6,
IAS 38.8
value in use The present value of estimated future cash flows
expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset
and from its disposal at the end of its useful life.
IFRS 5.A
value in use The present value of the future cash flows expected
to be derived from an asset or cash-generating unit.
IAS 36.6

variable production
overheads
Those indirect costs of production that vary directly,
or nearly directly, with the volume of production,
such as indirect materials and indirect labour.
IAS 2.12
venturer A party to a joint venture that has joint control over
that joint venture.
IAS 31.3
vest To become an entitlement. Under a share-based
payment arrangement, a counterparty’s right to
receive cash, other assets or equity instruments of
the entity vests when the counterparty’s entitlement
is no longer conditional on the satisfaction of any
vesting conditions.
IFRS 2.A
vested benefits Benefits, the rights to which, under the conditions of
a retirement benefit plan, are not conditional on
continued employment.
IAS 26.8
vested
employee benefits
Employee benefits that are not conditional on future
employment.
IAS 19.7
vesting conditions The conditions that determine whether the entity
receives the services that entitle the counterparty to
receive cash, other assets or equity instruments of the
entity, under a share-based payment arrangement.
Vesting conditions are either service conditions or
performance conditions. Service conditions require
the counterparty to complete a specified period of
service. Performance conditions require the
counterparty to complete a specified period of service
and specified performance targets to be met (such as
a specified increase in the entity’s profit over a
specified period of time). A performance condition
might include a market condition.
IFRS 2.A
vesting period The period during which all the specified vesting
conditions of a share-based payment arrangement
are to be satisfied.
IFRS 2.A
warrant A financial instrument that gives the holder the
right to purchase ordinary shares.
IAS 33.5
weighted average
cost formula
Under this formula, the cost of each item is
determined from the weighted average of the cost of
similar items at the beginning of a period and the
cost of similar items purchased or produced during
the period. The average may be calculated on a
periodic basis, or as each additional shipment is
received, depending upon the circumstances of the
entity.
IAS 2.27
weighted average
number of ordinary
shares outstanding
during the period
The number of ordinary shares outstanding at the
beginning of the period, adjusted by the number of
ordinary shares bought back or issued during the
period multiplied by a time-weighting factor.
IAS 33.20

ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВА РФ ОБ УТВЕРЖДЕНИИ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ О ПРИЗНАНИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ОТЧЕТНОСТИ И РАЗЪЯСНЕНИЙ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ОТЧЕТНОСТИ ДЛЯ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

20 апреля 2011 Новости, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России, Составление финансовой отчетности по МСФО за 2009-2014 Комментарии к записи ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВА РФ ОБ УТВЕРЖДЕНИИ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ О ПРИЗНАНИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ОТЧЕТНОСТИ И РАЗЪЯСНЕНИЙ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ОТЧЕТНОСТИ ДЛЯ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ отключены

ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВА РФ ОБ УТВЕРЖДЕНИИ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ О ПРИЗНАНИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ОТЧЕТНОСТИ И РАЗЪЯСНЕНИЙ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ОТЧЕТНОСТИ ДЛЯ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ
от 25 февраля 2011 г. N 107

ОБ УТВЕРЖДЕНИИ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
О ПРИЗНАНИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ОТЧЕТНОСТИ
И РАЗЪЯСНЕНИЙ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ ФИНАНСОВОЙ
ОТЧЕТНОСТИ ДЛЯ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

В соответствии с частью 3 статьи 3 Федерального закона «О консолидированной финансовой отчетности» Правительство Российской Федерации постановляет:

Утвердить прилагаемое Положение о признании Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности и Разъяснений Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности для применения на территории Российской Федерации.

Председатель Правительства

Российской Федерации

В.ПУТИН

Утверждено

Постановлением Правительства

Российской Федерации

от 25 февраля 2011 г. N 107

ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ
О ПРИЗНАНИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ОТЧЕТНОСТИ
И РАЗЪЯСНЕНИЙ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ СТАНДАРТОВ ФИНАНСОВОЙ
ОТЧЕТНОСТИ ДЛЯ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

I. Общие положения

1. Настоящее Положение устанавливает порядок признания для применения на территории Российской Федерации Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности (далее — международные стандарты) и Разъяснений международных стандартов, принимаемых Фондом Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности (далее — Фонд).

2. В состав международных стандартов и Разъяснений международных стандартов (далее — документы международных стандартов), подлежащих признанию в порядке, установленном настоящим Положением, входят принимаемые Фондом:

а) международные стандарты;

б) Разъяснения международных стандартов;

в) изменения, которые вносятся в международные стандарты и их Разъяснения;

г) иные документы, определенные Фондом в качестве неотъемлемой части международных стандартов и (или) их Разъяснений.

3. Под признанием документов международных стандартов понимается процесс принятия решения о введении каждого документа международных стандартов в действие на территории Российской Федерации, заключающийся в последовательном осуществлении следующих действий:

а) официальное получение от Фонда документа международных стандартов;

б) экспертиза применимости документа международных стандартов на территории Российской Федерации (далее — экспертиза);

в) принятие решения о введении документа международных стандартов в действие на территории Российской Федерации;

г) опубликование документа международных стандартов.

4. Признанию для применения на территории Российской Федерации подлежат документы международных стандартов на русском языке.

Министерство финансов Российской Федерации обеспечивает получение от Фонда перевода на русский язык каждого документа международных стандартов.

5. Документ международных стандартов признается подлежащим применению на территории Российской Федерации, если он обеспечивает выполнение задачи, предусмотренной абзацем вторым пункта 3 статьи 1 Федерального закона «О бухгалтерском учете».

6. Решение о введении документа международных стандартов в действие на территории Российской Федерации принимается в отношении документа в целом. В случае если в отношении отдельных положений документа международных стандартов решение о применимости на территории Российской Федерации не может быть принято, то решение о введении такого документа в действие на территории Российской Федерации принимается в отношении документа с изъятием указанных положений.

7. Признанный документ международных стандартов вступает в силу на территории Российской Федерации поэтапно, если иное не предусмотрено этим документом. На I этапе признанный документ международных стандартов вступает в силу на территории Российской Федерации для добровольного применения организациями в сроки, определенные в этом документе, но не ранее его официального опубликования. На II этапе признанный документ международных стандартов вступает в силу на территории Российской Федерации для обязательного применения организациями в сроки, определенные в этом документе.

В случае если в признанном документе международных стандартов не определен срок и (или) порядок вступления в силу либо он признан для применения на территории Российской Федерации после срока, определенного в нем, то такой документ вступает в силу на территории Российской Федерации со дня его официального опубликования.

8. Признанный документ международных стандартов прекращает действие на территории Российской Федерации с даты, определяемой Министерством финансов Российской Федерации, которое в соответствии с настоящим Положением принимает решение о введении документов международных стандартов в действие на территории Российской Федерации.

II. Экспертиза применимости документа международных

стандартов на территории Российской Федерации

9. Экспертиза проводится на безвозмездной основе юридическим лицом, определяемым в порядке, установленном Правилами определения экспертного органа, приведенными в приложении (далее — экспертный орган). Порядок участия экспертного органа в признании документов международных стандартов определяется настоящим Положением и соглашением, заключаемым между Министерством финансов Российской Федерации и экспертным органом.

10. Экспертиза должна обеспечивать всестороннее рассмотрение каждого документа международных стандартов с целью подтверждения применимости его на территории Российской Федерации.

11. Экспертиза проводится в отношении документов, поступающих от Министерства финансов Российской Федерации.

12. Срок проведения экспертизы составляет 40 рабочих дней со дня получения документа международных стандартов. При необходимости экспертный орган может по согласованию с Министерством финансов Российской Федерации продлить указанный срок, но не более чем на 40 рабочих дней.

13. Результаты экспертизы оформляются в форме заключения экспертного органа.

14. Заключение экспертного органа содержит один из следующих выводов:

а) подтверждение применимости на территории Российской Федерации документа международных стандартов в целом;

б) подтверждение применимости на территории Российской Федерации документа международных стандартов с изъятием отдельных положений этого документа, применимость которых на территории Российской Федерации подтверждена быть не может;

в) вывод о невозможности подтверждения применимости на территории Российской Федерации документа международных стандартов в целом.

15. В случаях, предусмотренных подпунктами «б» и «в» пункта 14 настоящего Положения, в заключении экспертного органа наряду с указанным подтверждением или выводом должны содержаться условия, при которых возможно подтверждение применимости документа (отдельных положений документа) международных стандартов на территории Российской Федерации.

16. Информация о деятельности экспертного органа по проведению экспертизы должна быть общедоступной.

III. Принятие решения о введении документа международных

стандартов в действие на территории Российской Федерации

17. Решение о введении документа международных стандартов в действие на территории Российской Федерации принимает Министерство финансов Российской Федерации по согласованию с Федеральной службой по финансовым рынкам и Центральным банком Российской Федерации на основе заключения экспертного органа.

18. Министерство финансов Российской Федерации направляет документ международных стандартов Федеральной службе по финансовым рынкам и Центральному банку Российской Федерации одновременно с направлением этого документа экспертному органу.

19. Министерство финансов Российской Федерации направляет не позднее 15 рабочих дней после получения заключения экспертного органа Федеральной службе по финансовым рынкам и Центральному банку Российской Федерации вместе с заключением экспертного органа проект решения о введении документа международных стандартов в действие на территории Российской Федерации либо проект мотивированных возражений по указанному заключению.

20. Федеральная служба по финансовым рынкам и Центральный банк Российской Федерации не позднее 15 рабочих дней со дня получения проекта решения, предусмотренного пунктом 19 настоящего Положения, либо проекта мотивированных возражений по заключению экспертного органа согласовывают этот проект решения (проект мотивированных возражений) либо представляют в Министерство финансов Российской Федерации мотивированный отказ в их согласовании.

21. Министерство финансов Российской Федерации не позднее 15 рабочих дней после получения согласованного Федеральной службой по финансовым рынкам и Центральным банком Российской Федерации проекта решения, предусмотренного пунктом 19 настоящего Положения, либо проекта мотивированных возражений по заключению экспертного органа принимает это решение либо в письменной форме направляет экспертному органу мотивированные возражения по представленному заключению.

22. В случае если Министерство финансов Российской Федерации направляет экспертному органу мотивированные возражения по представленному заключению, то экспертный орган в течение 20 рабочих дней со дня получения этих возражений повторно рассматривает документ международных стандартов с учетом возражений Министерства финансов Российской Федерации. Результаты повторного рассмотрения указанного документа оформляются в форме заключения экспертного органа.

23. Решение о введении документа международных стандартов в действие на территории Российской Федерации оформляется Министерством финансов Российской Федерации.

24. Решение о прекращении действия на территории Российской Федерации документа международных стандартов, признанного ранее в порядке, установленном настоящим Положением, принимается Министерством финансов Российской Федерации в порядке, установленном настоящим Положением для принятия решения о введении документа международных стандартов в действие на территории Российской Федерации. В случае когда решение о прекращении действия на территории Российской Федерации документа международных стандартов, признанного ранее в порядке, установленном настоящим Положением, принимается Министерством финансов Российской Федерации на основании соответствующего документа, поступившего из Фонда, то экспертиза не проводится. Решение о прекращении действия документа международных стандартов на территории Российской Федерации оформляется Министерством финансов Российской Федерации.

25. В случае когда при применении документа международных стандартов на территории Российской Федерации между документом на русском языке и текстом этого документа на английском языке выявляется различие, любое заинтересованное лицо может обратиться в экспертный орган. Экспертный орган не позднее 40 рабочих дней со дня получения такого обращения проводит экспертизу выявленного различия на предмет соответствия текста на русском языке тексту на английском языке.

Экспертный орган при подтверждении указанного различия, а также при выявлении такого различия направляет заключение в Министерство финансов Российской Федерации для внесения соответствующего уточнения в текст документа на русском языке в порядке, установленном Министерством финансов Российской Федерации по согласованию с Фондом.

IV. Опубликование документа международных стандартов

26. Документ международных стандартов подлежит опубликованию в официальном печатном издании, определяемом Министерством финансов Российской Федерации.

27. Документ международных стандартов размещается на официальном сайте Министерства финансов Российской Федерации в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети Интернет.

28. Министерство финансов Российской Федерации размещает на своем официальном сайте в информационно-телекоммуникационной сети Интернет информацию о документах международных стандартов, находящихся в процессе признания, а также сведения об этапе признания, на котором находится документ.

Приложение

к Положению

о признании Международных стандартов

финансовой отчетности и Разъяснений

Международных стандартов финансовой

отчетности для применения

на территории Российской Федерации

ПРАВИЛА ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ЭКСПЕРТНОГО ОРГАНА

1. Экспертным органом признается юридическое лицо, преследующее цели признания и применения Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности и Разъяснений Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности (далее — документы международных стандартов) на территории Российской Федерации, при условии его соответствия следующим критериям:

а) создание в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации в форме фонда или объединения юридических лиц (союза или ассоциации);

б) представление интересов широкого круга пользователей и составителей бухгалтерской (финансовой) отчетности, а также представителей бухгалтерской и аудиторской профессий;

в) наличие опыта выполнения методических, научно-исследовательских и иных аналогичных работ в области бухгалтерского учета и бухгалтерской отчетности;

г) наличие в составе органов, предусмотренных учредительными документами юридического лица, квалифицированных специалистов, обладающих знаниями в области бухгалтерского учета и бухгалтерской отчетности (включая документы международных стандартов), навыками работы с документами международных стандартов, а также свободно владеющих русским и английским языками;

д) наличие опыта участия в деятельности, осуществляемой Фондом Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности;

е) обеспечение источниками финансирования деятельности, связанной с проведением экспертизы применимости документов международных стандартов на территории Российской Федерации.

2. Экспертный орган определяется на основании критериев, установленных пунктом 1 настоящих Правил, на конкурсной основе комиссией, создаваемой Министерством финансов Российской Федерации из представителей Министерства экономического развития Российской Федерации, Федеральной службы по финансовым рынкам и Центрального банка Российской Федерации (по одному представителю).

3. Порядок проведения конкурса по определению экспертного органа устанавливается Министерством финансов Российской Федерации по согласованию с Министерством экономического развития Российской Федерации, Федеральной службой по финансовым рынкам и Центральным банком Российской Федерации.