13 сентября 2011
МСФО в строительстве, Новости, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России
Комментарии к записи МСФО для малого и среднего бизнеса — так ли был необходим дополнительный комплект стандартов? Сергей МОДЕРОВ, АССА, Руководитель отдела финансового учета по по международным стандартам Kreston International Институт проблем предпринимательства отключены
МСФО для малого и среднего бизнеса — так ли был необходим дополнительный комплект стандартов?
МСФО для малого и среднего бизнеса является единым 248-страничным документом, в разделах которого приведены основные положения полного комплекта МСФО с отдельными упрощениями и зачастую без альтернативных вариантов учета.
Так ли был необходим отдельный комплект стандартов для «непубличных» компаний? Ведь при желании любой малой фирмы стать публичной (то есть выпустить в обращение ак¬ции, облигации, векселя) рынок посчитает за ми¬нимальное требование, чтобы соответствующая компания подготовила отчетность в соответствии с полным комплектом МСФО.
Так стоит ли энергичным перспективным компаниям малого и среднего бизнеса приме¬нять МСФО для МСБ? Ответ — стоит. Прежде всего, от МСФО для МСБ до полного комплек¬та МСФО «всего один шаг», то есть они очень похожи, соответственно, дальнейшее техниче¬ское применение полного комплекта МСФО не потребует чрезмерных усилий. Кроме того, МСФО для МСБ содержит ряд черт, которые, во-первых, сэкономят средства на подготовку чрез¬мерных раскрытии, требуемых полным комплек¬том МСФО, а во-вторых, малый и средний биз¬нес в отличие от полного комплекта МСФО по¬лучает возможность «официального» аудита не столько консолидированной, сколько «комби¬нированной» отчетности, которая в отличие от полного комплекта МСФО предусмотрена в соответствии с МСФО для МСБ.
ОСТАНОВИМСЯ НА ОСНОВНЫХ ОТЛИЧИЯХ ПОЛНОГО КОМПЛЕКТА МСФО И МСФО ДЛЯ МСБ
Наиболее важное, повторимся, заключает¬ся в том, что в МСФО для МСБ впервые в исто¬рии МСФО появился параграф о комбинирован¬ной финансовой отчетности, то есть об отчетно¬сти объединяемой группы компаний, когда для их объединения недостаточно юридических основа¬ний (то есть не для традиционных холдинговых структур с единой материнской компанией, а для группы компаний, например, находящихся под общим контролем физических лиц).
Одним из существенных отличий полного ком¬плекта МСФО и МСФО для МСБ является то, что в приложении в МСФО для МСФБ приведен ил¬люстративный пример формата раскрытия отчет¬ности, подготовленной в соответствии с МСФО для МСБ. То есть в отличие от подготовки отчетности в соответствии с полным комплектом МСФО при подготовке отчетности малому и среднему бизнесу можно не запрашивать форматы раскрытии у сво¬их аудиторов и консультантов, не копировать их у своих конкурентов, а воспользоваться официаль¬ным англоязычным вариантом представления от¬четности в соответствии с МСФО со всеми допусти¬мыми и рекомендуемыми раскрытиями информа¬ции (смотрите на сайте www.ifrs.org документ под названием IFRS for SME Implementation Guidance- МСФО для МСБ — инструкция по применению).
В отношении столь сложной секции МСФО, такой как финансовые инструменты, МСФО для МСБ либо предлагает следовать двум соответ¬ствующим разделам в МСФО для МСБ либо, в ка¬честве опции, позволяет применять МСФО (IAS) 39 «Финансовые инструменты: признание и оцен¬ка» полного комплекта МСФО. Если бухгалтер вы¬бирает использование двух секций МСФО для МСБ (а именно секции 11 «Простейшие финансовые инструменты» и секции 12 «Вопросы, связан¬ные с прочими финансовыми инструментами»), то он должен иметь в виду, что в соответствии с МСФО для МСБ практически все финансовые ин¬струменты у малого и среднего бизнеса должны учитываться по амортизированной стоимости. Со¬ответственно, сложный в применении учет финан¬совых инструментов по справедливой стоимости, часто используемый в полном комплекте МСФО, в МСФО для МСБ не приветствуется.
Многие бухгалтеры крупных корпораций стал¬кивались с неудобствами применения постоянно меняющихся старых и введением новых стандар¬тов в полном комплекте МСФО. Для удобства ра¬боты малого и среднего бизнеса МСФО для МСБ не подлежит частому изменению. На практике за два года с момента принятия (июль 2009 года) и до момента публикации этой статьи (август 2011года) изменения в стандарт не вносились. Более того, ожидается, что изменения в будущем будут вноситься не чаще одного раза в пять лет.
РАЗНИЦА В ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИИ БАЛАНСА В ФИНАНСОВОЙ ОТЧЕТНОСТИ
МСФО для МСБ, как и МСФО (IAS) 1 полно¬го комплекта финансовой отчетности «Представ¬ление финансовой отчетности», требует нали¬чия, как минимум, одного периода сравнитель¬ной информации в финансовой отчетности. В до¬бавление к этому МСФО для МСБ требует пред¬ставления баланса (отчета о финансовом поло¬жении) дополнительно еще и на дату начала пе¬риода сравнительной информации, то есть ми-нимально в отчетности, соответствующей МСФО для МСБ, баланс должен быть представлен по состоянию на 31 отчетные даты, отчет о прибы¬лях и убытках (отчет о совокупном доходе), отчет о денежных потоках и отчет об изменении соб¬ственного капитала — за два периода.
В отличие от полного комплекта МСФО при учете инвестиции в дочернюю компанию по се¬бестоимости в отдельной финансовой отчетно¬сти в соответствии с МСФО для МСБ дивиден¬ды от такой инвестиции, начисляемые и получа¬емые до получения контроля и после получения контроля, не отделяются, а учитываются вместе. Все указанные распределения прибыли дочерней компании отражаются в составе отчета о прибы¬лях и убытках.
При консолидации ассоциированных компа¬ний в отличие от полного комплекта МСФО в МСФО для МСБ нет требования к максимальной разнице в отчетной дате материнской компании и ассоциированной компании в три месяцапри учете ассоциированной компании по доле¬вому методу. То есть в соответствии с МСФО для МСБ долевым методом можно учитывать и ас¬социированные компании, отчетная дата которых отличается от отчетной даты материнской компа¬нии даже более чем на три месяца без допол¬нительных корректировок. Отметим, что соответ¬ствующее упрощение предусмотрено и для учета совместного предприятия.
РАЗЛИЧИЯ В УЧЕТЕ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ
Если в соответствии с полным комплектом МСФО инвестиционная собственность учитыва¬ется по выбору компании, либо по справедли¬вой стоимости с отражением переоценки в со¬ставе отчета о прибылях и убытках, либо по исторической стоимости за вычетом амортиза¬ции и убытков от обесценения, то в соответствии с МСФО для малого и среднего бизнеса выбора нет. Если инвестиционная собственность имеет легко определяемую доступную на рынке спра¬ведливую стоимость, то она должна (а не «мо¬жет») учитываться по справедливой стоимости. Если доступных данных о справедливой стоимо¬сти нет, то такая инвестиционная собственность учитывается по исторической стоимости за выче¬том амортизации и убытков от обесценения.
РАЗЛИЧИЯ В УЧЕТЕ ОСНОВНЫХ СРЕДСТВ И НЕМАТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ АКТИВОВ
Если в соответствии с полным комплектом МСФО по состоянию на каждую отчетную дату (на практике — годовую отчетную дату) менеджмент должен применить свою оценку, свое суждение в отношении того, изменилась ли ликвидационная стоимость основного средства и нематериально¬го актива, изменился ли оставшийся срок их по¬лезного использования, правильно ли продолжать амортизацию их предусмотренным ранее мето¬дом амортизации или его необходимо с отчетной даты пересмотреть, то в отношении учета основных средств и нематериальных активов в соответ¬ствии с МСФО для МСБ таких требований нет. Другими словами, ликвидационная стоимость, срок полезного использования и метод амортиза¬ции определяются один раз на момент признания основного средства или нематериального актива и в дальнейшем не пересматриваются.
Более того, малому и среднему бизнесу запре¬щено осуществлять переоценку основных средств или нематериальных активов, хотя в соответствии с полным комплектом МСФО менеджмент может выбрать такой вариант учетной политики.
ГУДВИЛЛ И ЕМУ ПОДОБНЫЕ НЕМАТЕРИАЛЬНЫЕ АКТИВЫ
При составлении консолидированной финан¬совой отчетности при учете приобретения бизнеса и в соответствии с полным комплектом МСФО, и в соответствии с МСФО для МСБ превышение спра¬ведливой стоимости вознаграждения над долей в справедливой стоимости приобретенных чистых активах отражается как положительныйгудвилл. В соответствии с полным комплектом МСФО далее положительныйгудвилл ежегодно тестируется на обесценение с применением сложного и трудо¬емкого теста на его обесценение — с разнесением гудвилла на единицы, генерирующие денежные средства, получившие выгоды от приобретения. В соответствии с МСФО для МСБ положительный гудвилл амортизируется в течение срока его по¬лезного использования (как было до 2001 года и в полном комплекте МСФО, в соответствии с кото¬рым он амортизировался на протяжении срока, не превышающего 20 лет). Аналогичное требование содержится и в отношении нематериальных ак¬тивов «с неопределяемым/неопределимым» сро¬ком полезного использования, которые тестируют¬ся на обесценение в соответствии с полным ком¬плектом МСФО и амортизируются в соответствии с МСФО для МСБ.
НИОКР
Видимо, не ожидается, что малый и средний бизнес будет проводить существенные исследова¬ния и создавать разработки, поэтому такого рода нематериальные активы в соответствии с МСФО для МСБ не признаются, а списываются на затраты в момент их понесения. В отличие от такого подхо¬да полный комплект МСФО предусматривает воз¬можность капитализации затрат на разработки по¬сле достижения момента, когда можно продемон¬стрировать «жизнеспособность» соответствующей разработки.
ЛИЗИНГ
В отношении финансового лизинга в соответ¬ствии с МСФО для МСБ приведенная стоимость минимальных лизинговых платежей всегда при¬равнивается к справедливой стоимости лизингово¬го имущества и таким образом определяется эф¬фективная процентная ставка, заложенная в соот¬ветствующем договоре финансового лизинга. Сто¬ит отметить, что отличие полного комплекта МСФО заключается в том, что при учете финансового ли¬зинга задолженность по финансовому лизингу пер¬воначально признается равной минимальному зна¬чению из приведенной стоимости минимальных арендных платежей и справедливой стоимости ли¬зингового имущества. Соответствующее усложне¬ние полного комплекта МСФО связано с тем, что лизинг может предоставляться не по «справед¬ливой стоимости», то есть не по рыночной став¬ке, и введение описанного выше порядка перево¬дит учет финансового лизинга к «справедливой стоимости» его как финансового инструмента, как того всегда требует полный комплект МСФО. Ви¬димо, ожидается, что финансовый лизинг малому и среднему бизнесу всегда будет предоставляться «по справедливой стоимости», с незавышенными и незаниженными лизинговыми платежами, поэтому описанное выше упрощение и введено.В отношении операционной аренды в МСФО для МСБ сделано упрощение по сравнению с полным комплектом МСФО в следующем: не обязательно перераспределять платежи по операционной арен¬де на равные платежи для признания в качестве за¬трат, как того требует полный комплект МСФО.
УЧЕТ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ГРАНТОВ
В отличие от полного комплекта МСФО, где предусмотрено отражение грантов либо в каче¬стве дохода, либо в качестве уменьшения стои¬мости подлежащего актива, МСФО для МСБ тре¬бует единообразного отражения государственных грантов в качестве дохода компании и признания получаемого от государства актива по справедли¬вой стоимости.
ЗАТРАТЫ ПО ЗАЙМАМ
Если в соответствии с полным комплектом МСФО затраты по займам капитализируются в со¬ставе квалифицируемых (удовлетворяющих кри¬териям) активов, а остальные — списываются в за¬траты, то в соответствии с МСФО для МСБ затра¬ты по займам всегда списываются в затраты по мере их понесения.
ПЛАТЕЖИ, ОСНОВАННЫЕ НА АКЦИЯХ
В отличие от полного комплекта МСФО, пред¬усматривающего сложные расчеты в отношении расходов компании и обязательств компании в отношении обязательств осуществлять выплаты, связанные с акциями компании, МСФО для МСБ предусматривает возможность экспертной оценки менеджментом соответствующих расходов и обя¬зательств.
ПРОДАЖА ИНОСТРАННОЙ ДОЧЕРНЕЙ КОМПАНИИ
При продаже иностранной дочерней компании в соответствии МСФО пересчет курсовых разниц от трансляции иностранной валюты в функциональ¬ную валюту группы при консолидации накаплива¬ется в составе прочего совокупного дохода (в от¬дельной статье в составе раздела «Капитал» балан¬са). При этом соответствующая статья капитала пе¬реносится в отчет о прибылях и убытках текущего периода при продаже иностранной дочерней ком¬пании в соответствии с полным комплектом МСФО и переносится напрямую в нереализованную при¬быль в соответствии с МСФО для МСБ.
ВЫВОД
В статье перечислены основные отличия пол¬ного комплекта МСФО от МСФО для МСБ. Мож¬но признать, что МСФО для МСБ имеют преиму¬щества для малого и среднего бизнеса по срав¬нению с полным комплектом и, таким образом, применение их в будущем во многих странах бу¬дет расти.
Источник: //«Учет и аудит Казахстана» №7 (49) июль 2011г. Республиканский профессиональный журнал для бухгалтеров, финансовых директоров, аудиторов и юристов, стр.9-12
14 июня 2011
МСФО в строительстве, Новости, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России
Комментарии к записи Перевод терминов МСФО на русский язык отключены
Ниже представлен перевод терминов Межднуродных стандартов финансовой отчетности на русский язык:
Вопросы — Сергей Модеров, АССА, тел +7 921 9450055
Amount recoverable Возмещаемая величина
‘Corridor’ коридор
‘Cost of sales’ method метод себестоимости продаж
Acceptable under IFRSs применимые, допустимые, приемлемые согласно МСФО
Accountability of management ответственность руководства
Accounting Бухгалтерский учет
Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans Учет и отчетность по пенсионным планам
accounting estimate Бухгалтерская оценка (требуется расширить)
Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance Учет государственных субсидий и раскрытие информации о государственной помощи
accounting for inventories учет запасов
Accounting for Investments in Associates Учет инвестиций в ассоциированные предприятия
Accounting income бухгалтерская прибыль
Accounting model учетная модель
accounting period Отчетный период
Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors Учетная политика, изменения в бухгалтерских оценках и ошибки
Accounting policy учетная политика
Accounting principle принцип учета
accounting profit бухгалтерская прибыль
Accounting record учетная запись
accounting treatment порядок учета
accounts receivable Дебиторская задолженность
Accrual basis принцип начисления
Accrual basis of accounting принцип начисления в бухгалтерском учете
Accrued liabilities Начисленные обязательства
Accumulated (amortisation, interest, profit or loss) накопленный (амортизация, проценты, прибыль или убыток)
accumulated profit or loss накопленная прибыль или убыток
accumulating compensated absences Накапливаемая заработная плата за непроработанное время
Achieve comparability достичь сопоставимости
acquired entity приобретенное предприятие
acquired goodwill приобретенный гудвил
acquired in a business combination Приобретенный при объединении бизнеса
Acquiree приобретенное предприятие/приобретаемое предприятие
Acquirer покупатель
Acquisition приобретение, покупка
acquisition date дата приобретения
active market активный рынок
active use Эксплуатация
actively marketed активно вести деятельность по продаже
actuarial assumptions Актуарные допущения
actuarial gains and losses актуарные прибыли и убытки
actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits актуарная приведенная стоимость причитающихся пенсионных выплат
Actuarial valuation актуарная оценка
Actuarial valuation method метод актуарной оценки
Additional comparative information Дополнительная сравнительная информация
Additional consideration дополнительное возмещение
additional disclosure Дополнительное раскрытие информации, пояснения, расшифровка
Adjust for consolidation procedures корректировка процедуры консолидации, корректировка с учетом процедуры консолидации
Adjusted weighted-average shares Средневзвешенное количество акций после корректировки
Adjusting event [after the balance sheet date] Корректирующее событие (после даты баланса)
adjustment корректировка
administrative expenses административные расходы
Admission fees вступительный взнос
advance Авансировать, предварительная оплата (аванс), авансовые платежи
adverse economic consequences неблагоприятные экономические последствия
adverse event неблагоприятное, событие
After-tax amount сумма за вычетом налогов
Agency агентство
aggregate агрегированный
Aggregation агрегирование
Agreement date дата соглашения, договора
agricultural activity сельскохозяйственная деятельность
agricultural produce сельскохозяйственная продукция
Agriculture сельское хозяйство
allocation распределение, отнесение
allowance Оценочный резерв, скидка
allowance account Счет резерва
allowed alternative treatment допустимый альтернативный порядок учета
American share option американский опцион на акции
amortisation амортизация, амортизация нематериальных активов, амортизация финансовых инструментов
amortisation method метод начисления амортизации
amortisation period срок амортизации
Amortised cost Амортизированная стоимость
Amortised cost of a financial asset or financial liability амортизированная стоимость финансового актива или финансового обязательства
amount of inventories величина запасов
amount payable сумма, подлежащая выплате; сумма к выплате, сумма кредиторской задолженности
Amount per share сумма на акцию
Amounts recognised [in the balance sheet and income statement] суммы, отраженные (в балансе и отчете о прибылях и убытках)
Analysis анализ
Annual leave ежегодный отпуск
Annual periods отчетный год, годовые периоды
annuitant аннуитент, получатель аннуитета
annuitisation
annuity аннуитет
Antidilution антиразводнение
Antidilutive антиразводняющий
Appendix приложение
Application of Requirements Применение требований
application supplement Дополнение к применению
appraisal оценка
Arm’s length transaction сделка между независимыми сторонами
Asking price цена предложения, цена продавца
assess оценивать
asset Актив
asset exchange transactions Операции обмена активами
Assets acquired активы, приобретенные
assets held by a long-term employee benefit fund активы фонда долгосрочного вознаграждения работников
assets retired from active use активы, активная эксплуатация которых прекращена
associate ассоциированное предприятие
Audit report аудиторское заключение
Authorise [financial statements for issue] утвердить (выпуск финансовой отчетности)
available-for-sale financial assets финансовые активы, имеющиеся в наличии для продажи
balance sheet баланс
balance sheet date Отчетная дата
balance sheet liability method балансовый метод расчета обязательств
bank банк
Bank overdraft банковский овердрафт
Bankruptcy банкротство
bargain purchase выгодное приобретение (покупка)
basic earnings per share базовая прибыль на акцию
basis adjustment основная корректировка
Basis for Conclusions основа для выводов
basis point базисный пункт
benchmark treatment основной порядок учета
beneficial contracts бенефициарные контракты
benefit выгода, выплата, польза
Benefit obligation обязательство по пенсионному плану
Benefit to users выгода для пользователей
best estimate наилучшая оценка
Bias необъективность, предвзятость
Bid bonds предложение, обеспеченное гарантийным обязательством
Bid price цена покупателя
bid-ask spread спрэд по спросу и предложению
binding sale agreement соглашение о продаже, имеющее обязательную силу
binomial биноминальный
biological asset биологический актив
biological transformation биотрансформация
Black-Scholes-Merton formula формула Блэка-Шоулза-Мертона
Board of directors совет директоров
Bonus issue выпуск акций на льготных условиях
bonus plan премиальная система
book of contracts группа договоров
book value балансовая стоимость
borrowing costs затраты по займам
bottom-up test тест «снизу-вверх»
business (коммерческая) деятельность, бизнес
Business combination объединение бизнеса
business combination involving entities or businesses under common control Объединение бизнеса, включающее предприятия или виды коммерческой деятельности, находящиеся под общим контролем
Business Combinations Объединения бизнеса
Business Combinations – “Date of Exchange” and Fair Value of Equity Instruments Объединения бизнеса — «дата обмена» и справедливая стоимость долевых инструментов
Business Combinations — Classification either as Acquisitions or Unitings of Interests Объединения бизнеса – классификация в качестве приобретения или объединения интересов
Business Combinations — Subsequent Adjustment of Fair Values and Goodwill Initially Reported Объединения бизнеса – последующая корректировка справедливой стоимости и первоначально отраженного гудвила
business segment бизнес-сегмент
Business unit бизнес-единица
Buying segment сегмент-покупатель
By-product побочный продукт
Call options опцион кол
callable отзывной
Cap «кэп»
cap and trade scheme DO NOT TRANSLATE
capital капитал
capital appreciation прирост стоимости капитала
capital asset pricing model ценовая модель оценки долгосрочного актива
capital contribution взнос в капитал
capital expenditure капитальные затраты
capital gain прирост стоимости активов
capital maintenance поддержание величины капитала
capital maintenance adjustment корректировки, обеспечивающие поддержание капитала
capitalisation капитализация
Capitalisation of interest капитализация процентов
capped interest rate DO NOT TRANSLATE
carried at cost учитываемый по себестоимости
carry forward переносить на будущие периоды
Carrying amount балансовая стоимость
cash денежные средства
Cash basis кассовый метод
cash equivalents эквиваленты денежных средств
cash flow движение денежных средств, поток денежных средств
cash flow hedge хеджирование денежных потоков
cash flow risk риск, связанный с потоками денежных средств
Cash flow statement = Statement of cash flows отчет о движении денежных средств
Cash Flow Statements Отчеты о движении денежных средств
cash generating unit единица, генерирующая денежные средства
Cash inflow поступление денежных средств
Cash on hand денежные средства в кассе
cash outflow выбытие денежных средств
cash payments денежные платежи, денежные выплаты
cash price equivalent эквивалент цены при условии немедленного платежа денежными средствами
Cash proceeds денежные поступления
cash surrender value возмещаемая стоимость при отказе (от страхового полиса)
cash-settled share option опцион на акции, расчет по которому производится денежными средствами
операция, предполагающая выплаты, основанные на акциях, расчеты по которым производятся денежными средствами операция платежа, основанного на акциях, расчет по которой производится денежными средствами
Catastrophe bond катастрофические облигации
catastrophe provisions резервы по катастрофическим рискам
cedant цедент
Certificates of deposit депозитный сертификат
Cessation of capitalisation прекращение капитализации
Chief executive officer генеральный директор, руководитель предприятия
Claim претензия, требование
Class A preference share привилегированная акция класса А
Class of assets вид активов
class of financial asset класс финансовых активов
class of property, plant and equipment вид (класс) основных средств
Classification классификация
Classification of Financial Instruments – Contingent Settlement Provisions Классификация финансовых инструментов – оценочные обязательства по условному погашению
classification of inventory классификация запасов
clean-up call опцион на окончательную покупку
close members of the family of the individual ближайшие члены семьи частного лица
Closing market prices рыночные цены закрытия
closing rate курс закрытия
collar колар
collateral залог, обеспечение
Collateralised (asset, borrowing) переданный в залог актив, обеспеченный залогом займ
Collectability собираемость
Collection сбор, получение денег
collective marks DO NOT TRANSLATE
collective power коллективное право
combined instrument комбинированные инструменты
Commencement начало действия
commencement of the lease term начало срока
commercial loans DO NOT TRANSLATE
commercial paper facilities DO NOT TRANSLATE
commercial substance коммерческое содержание
commercially viable quantities of mineral resources коммерчески целесообразные количества запасов полезных ископаемых
commission комиссионные вознаграждения
commitment обязанность
Commodity товар
comparability сопоставимость
Comparability over time сопоставимость информации за разные периоды, сопоставимость во времени
Comparable interim period сопоставимые промежуточные периоды
Comparative balance sheet сравнительный баланс
Comparative information сравнительная информация
Compensated absences заработная плата за непроработанное время
complementary assets взаимодополняющие активы
Completeness полнота
compliance period DO NOT TRANSLATE
compliance with International Accounting Standards соответствие Международным стандартам финансовой отчетности
Component компонент
Compound financial instruments Комбинированные финансовые инструменты
compound instrument комбинированный инструмент
Concentration of (credit etc) risk концентрация (кредитного и т.п.) риска
confidence level степень достоверности
configuration of the cash flows структура денежных потоков
Consequential amendment логически вытекающее изменение
consideration возмещение
Consistency — Alternative Methods Последовательность – альтернативные методы
Consistency — Capitalisation of Borrowing Costs Последовательность — капитализация затрат по займам
Consistency — Different Cost Formulas for Inventories Последовательность – различные способы расчета себестоимости запасов
Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements Консолидированная и индивидуальная финансовая отчетность
Consolidated balance sheet консолидированный бухгалтерский баланс
consolidated financial statements консолидированная финансовая отчетность
Consolidated Financial Statements and Accounting for Investments in Subsidiaries консолидированная финансовая отчетность и учет инвестиций в дочерние предприятия
Consolidated group консолидированная группа
consolidation консолидация
consolidation adjustments корректировки для консолидации
Consolidation and Equity Method – Potential Voting Rights and Allocation of Ownership Interests Консолидация и метод долевого участия – потенциальные права голоса и распределение долей владельцев
Consolidation purposes цели консолидации
Consolidation—Special Purpose Entities Консолидация—предприятия специального назначения
construction contract договор на строительство
Construction Contracts Договоры на строительство
constructive obligation обязательство, обусловленное сложившейся практикой (конклюдентное)
contingency условный факт хозяйственной деятельности
contingent asset условный актив
contingent liability условное обязательство
contingent rent условная арендная плата
contingent settlement provision Положение договора об осуществлении расчетов при определенных условиях
Contingent share agreement Договор об эмиссии акций, приуроченной к определенному событию
Contingently issuable shares Акции, эмитируемые при наступлении определенных событий
continuing involvement продолжающееся участие.
Continuing operations продолжающаяся деятельность
contract договор, контракт
Contracts that may be settled in (ordinary) shares or cash Договоры, расчеты по которым могут осуществляться путем уступки (обыкновенных) акций или денежными средствами
contractual arrangement положение договора
contractual cash flows предусмотренные договором потоки денежных средств
contractual maturity analysis анализ договорных сроков погашения
contractual obligation обусловленное (предусмотренное) договором обязательство, договорное обязательство
contractual rights Договорные права, обусловленные договором права
Contribution взнос, вклад
contributor участник
control контроль
Control (of an asset) контроль над активом
Control (of an enterprise) контроль над предприятием
Control number контрольный показатель
controlled entity контролируемое предприятие
convenience translation пересчет для удобства
Convergence слияние, сближение
Conversion option опцион на конвертацию, возможность конвертации
Convertible bonds конвертируемые облигации
Convertible debt конвертируемый долговой инструмент
Convertible instruments Конвертируемые инструменты
Convertible preference share Конвертируемые привилегированные акции
co-operative кооператив, кооперативный
Copyright авторское право
core goodwill DO NOT TRANSLATE
Corporate assets активы корпорации
cost себестоимость
cost formula способ расчета себестоимости
Cost method метод учета по фактическим затратам
cost model модель учета по фактическим затратам
Cost of an acquisition затраты на приобретенине
cost of an asset acquired in exchange or part exchange for dissimilar asset стоимость актива, приобретенного в обмен или путем частичного обмена на иной, отличный актив
cost of an asset acquired in exchange or part exchange for similar asset стоимость актива, приобретенного в обмен или путем частичного обмена на аналогичный актив
cost of an investment фактическая стоимость инвестиций
Cost of conversion затраты на переработку
cost of inventories себестоимость запасов
Cost of Inventories of a Service Provider себестоимость незавершенного производства у поставщика услуг (correct: себестоимость запасов поставщика услуг)
cost of purchase затраты на приобретение
cost plus contract договор «затраты плюс»
cost plus method метод «затраты плюс»
Cost recovery approach подход на основе возмещения затрат
Cost-based measurement оценка по фактическим затратам
costs of conversion Затраты на переработку
costs of disposal затраты на выбытие
Costs of Modifying Existing Software Затраты на модификацию имеющегося программного обеспечения
costs to sell расходы на продажу
counterparty Контрагент
country of incorporation or residence страна юридической регистрации или местонахождения
coupon DO NOT TRANSLATE
credit derivative default product производный инструмент в отношении невыполнения обязательств по кредитам
credit enhancements механизмы повышения качества кредита (банк.)/кредитного качества (бирж.)
credit exposures подверженный кредитному риску
credit facilities механизмы кредитования
credit insurance contract договор страхования кредитных рисков
credit quality DO NOT TRANSLATE
credit risk кредитный риск
credit spread кредитный спред (спрэд)
Creditors кредитор
Creditworthiness кредитоспособность, платежеспособность
criteria for recognising критерии признания
cross-reference перекрестная ссылка
CTDs накопленные разницы по пересчету валют
cumulative preference dividends дивиденды по привилегированным кумулятивным акциям
Cumulative Translation Differences Накапливаемые (накопленные) разницы от пересчета валют
currency risk валютный риск
Currency translation перевод из одной валюты в другую
Currency units денежные единицы
current asset Краткосрочный актив
current cost текущая стоимость
current cost approach метод учета по восстановительной стоимости
Current investment краткосрочная инвестиция
current liabilities краткосрочные обязательства
current service cost стоимость услуг, полученных в текущем периоде
current tax текущий налог
curtailment секвестр пенсионного плана
cushions DO NOT TRANSLATE
customer list списки клиентов
database база данных
date of acquisition дата приобретения
date of exchange дата обмена
Date of transition to IFRS дата перехода на МСФО
dealing securities ценные бумаги для дилерских операций
death benefit возмещение по случаю смерти
debt долг, задолженность
Debt instrument долговой инструмент
Debt securities долговые ценные бумаги
Decision tree схема решения
Decision-useful information информация, полезная для принятия решений.
decommissioning вывод объектов из эксплуатации
decommissioning costs затраты по выводу объектов из эксплуатации
decommissioning funds фонды (финансирования ) вывода объектов из эксплуатации
decommissioning obligations обязательства по выводу из объектов эксплуатации
decommissioning, restoration and environmental rehabilitation funds фонды финансирования вывода объектов из эксплуатации, восстановления занимаемых ими участков и экологической реабилитации
deductible temporary difference вычитаемая временная разница
Deemed cost предполагаемая стоимость
defer отложить, перенести, отсрочить
deferral method метод отсрочки
deferred acquisition costs отложенные затраты на приобретение
Deferred tax отложенный налог
deferred tax assets отложенные налоговые активы
deferred tax income отложенный доход от возмещения налога
deferred tax liabilities отложенные налоговые обязательства
defined benefit liability обязательства по пенсионному плану с установленными выплатами
defined benefit obligation обязательства по пенсионному плану с установленными выплатами
Defined benefit obligation (present value of) (приведенная стоимость) обязательства по пенсионному плану с установленными выплатами
defined benefit plans пенсионные планы с установленными выплатами
defined contribution plans пенсионные планы с установленными взносами
Demand deposits депозиты до востребования
demand feature требуемое свойство
Demerger отделение, выделение
demonstrably committed формально обязанный
deposit accounting депозитный учет
deposit component депозитная составляющая
Depreciable amount амортизируемая величина
Depreciable assets амортизируемый актив
depreciated replacement cost approach подход / метод учета на основе стоимости замещения (остаточная стоимость замещения)
depreciation амортизация основных средств
Depreciation methods методы амортизации
Derecognise (a financial instrument) Прекратить отражать в балансе, списать с баланса
derecognition Прекращение отражения в балансе, списание с баланса
derivative производный финансовый инструмент, дериватив
derivative features производные характеристики
derivative financial instruments производные финансовые инструменты, деривативы
designated and effective hedging instrument определенные и эффективные инструменты хеджирования
determination of cost определение затрат
Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease определение наличия в соглашении договора аренды
development разработка
development costs затраты на разработки
diluted earnings per share разводненная прибыль на акцию
Dilution разводнение
Dilutive effect эффект разводнения, разводняющий эффект
dilutive potential ordinary shares разводняющие потенциальные обыкновенные акции
diminishing balance method Метод уменьшающегося остатка
direct insurance contract договор прямого страхования
direct labour прямые затраты на оплату труда
direct method of reporting cash flows from operating activities прямой метод составления отчета о движении денежных средств от операционной деятельности
direct operating expenses прямые операционные расходы
directly attributable непосредственно (напрямую) относящиеся, прямые
Directors директора
disaggregated information детализированная информация
Disclose раскрывать, пояснять
Disclosure раскрытие информации, пояснение, расшифровка
Disclosure and Presentation раскрытие и представление информации
Disclosure of government assistance раскрытие информации о государственной помощи
disclosure requirement требование к (по) раскрытию информации
Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions раскрытие информации в финансовой отчетности банков и аналогичных финансовых учреждений
Disclosure—Service Concession Arrangements Раскрытие информации – концессионные соглашения на предоставление услуг
Discontinued (operations) прекращенная (деятельность)
discontinuing operation прекращаемая деятельность
discount rate ставка дисконтирования
discounted basis дисконтированная основа
Discounting дисконтирование
discretionary participation feature негарантированная возможность получения дополнительных выгод
disposal consideration возмещение при выбытии,
disposal group выбывающая группа
disposal plan план по выбытию
disposal transaction операция выбытия
dissenting opinion Несовпадающее мнение
Dividend yield доходность по дивидендам
dividends дивиденды
domain name имя домена
doubtful debts сомнительные долги
downstream transactions операция «сверху вниз»
dual listed corporation корпорация с двойным листингом
dual trigger contract
Earlier application is encouraged Досрочное применение приветствуется
earnings прибыль, доход, вознаграждение
earnings — diluted прибыль- разводненная
Earnings contingency Условная прибыль
Earnings per Share прибыль на акцию
Earnings Per Share — Financial Instruments and Other Contracts that May Be Settled in Shares Прибыль на акцию – финансовые инструменты и другие договоры, расчеты по которым могут осуществляться путем уступки акций
Economic benefits экономические выгоды
economic decision-making needs of users информационные потребности пользователей финансовой отчетности при принятии экономических решений
economic life срок полезного использования
Effect of assumed conversions Эффект от предполагаемых конвертаций
Effective date дата вступления в силу
effective interest method метод эффективной ставки процента
effective interest rate эффективная ставка процента
Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates Влияние изменений обменных курсов валют
Elements of cost of exploration and evaluation assets элементы себестоимости активов, связанных с разведкой и оценкой
eligible for capitalisation разрешенный для капитализации
Elimination of Unrealised Profits and Losses on Transactions with Associates Исключение нереализованных прибылей и убытков по операциям с ассоциированными предприятиями
embedded derivative встроенный производный инструмент
emission rights DO NOT TRANSLATE
employee benefits вознаграждения работникам
Employee share ownership plan схема участия работников в капитале
employee share purchase plan планы покупки акций работниками
Employee turnover rates показатели текучести кадров
employees and others providing similar services работники и другие лица, оказывающие аналогичные услуги
Employer payroll taxes and insurance contributions Налоги на заработную плату и страховые взносы, уплачиваемые работодателями
Enactment принятие закона, введение закона в силу
enforcement of covenants
Enhanced Disclosure раскрытие большего объема информации
enterprise предприятие
Enterprises whose shares are (not) publicly traded предприятия, акции которых свободно (не) обращаются на рынке
Entity предприятие
entity-specific value стоимость специфичная для предприятия
environmental obligations обязательства по охране окружающей среды
equalisation provisions резервы на выравнивание убыточности
equity Капитал
Equity — Costs of an Equity Transaction капитал – затраты по операциям с капиталом
equity accounted investment инвестиции, учитываемые по методу долевого участия
Equity Accounting Method — Recognition of Losses Метод долевого участия – признание убытков
equity balances Сальдо по статьям капитала
Equity capital собственный капитал
Equity compensation benefits(=Stock (=Share) compensation benefits) компенсационные выплаты долевыми инструментами
Equity compensation plans (=Share (=Stock) compensation plans) планы компенсационных выплат долевыми инструментами
Equity component Компонент капитала, статья капитала
equity holders владельцы собственного капитала (долевых инструментов)
equity index индекс собственного капитала
equity instrument Долевой инструмент
equity instrument granted предоставленный долевой инструмент
equity interests доли в капитале
equity issue выпуск капитала
equity method метод долевого участия
equity securities долевые ценные бумаги
equity-settled share‑based payment transaction операция, предполагающая выплаты, основанные на акциях, расчеты по которым производятся долевыми инструментами
estimated costs расчетные (предолагаемые) затраты
estimated future cash flows расчетные будущие потоки денежных средств
European share option европейский опцион на акции
Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease определение сущности операций, имеющих юридическую форму аренды
Event-driven fair value measurements оценка справедливой стоимости, вызванная событиями (вызванная определенными событиями)
Events After the Balance Sheet Date события после балансовой даты
Events occurring after the balance sheet date события, возникающие после балансовой даты
evidence of impairment подтверждение обесценения
exchange difference курсовая разница
exchange of assets обмен активами
exchange rate обменный курс валют
exchange transaction операция обмена
Executory contract договор в стадии исполнения
Exemptions исключения
Exercise date дата исполнения
Exercise of rights осуществление (использование) прав
Exercise price цена исполнения
existing liability существующее обязательство
Expected value ожидаемая стоимость
expenditure затраты
expenses расходы
experience account DO NOT TRANSLATE
experience adjustments текущие регулирующие поправки
Expiry date дата истечения срока
Explicit and unreserved statement of compliance четкое и безоговорочное заявление о соответствии
exploration and evaluation assets активы, связанные с разведкой и оценкой
exploration and evaluation expenditures затраты, связанные с разведкой и оценкой
Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources Разведка и оценка запасов полезных ископаемых
Exposure draft предварительный вариант стандарта (интерпретации)
expropriation of major assets экспроприация большей части активов
extraordinary items чрезвычайные статьи
Face (of Financial Statements or Notes) непосредственно в формах финансовой отчетности или в примечаниях к ним
fair presentation достоверное представление
fair value справедливая стоимость
fair value hedge хеджирование справедливой стоимости
Fair value measurement оценка по справедливой стоимости
Faithful representation правдивое представление
Fees выплаты, гонорары
Fellow subsidiary другое дочернее предприятие
Fidelity bonds гарантийное обязательство в отношении потенциальных убытков работодателя
fiduciary activities фидуциарные операции
FIFO ФИФО
FIFO formula метод ФИФО
Finance lease финансовая аренда (финансовый лизинг)
Finance lease obligations обязательства по финансовой аренде
Financial asset финансовый актив
financial asset or financial liability at fair value through profit or loss финансовый актив или финансовое обязательство, оцениваемые по справедливой стоимости, изменения которой отражаются в составе прибыли или убытка за период
Financial asset or liability held for trading финансовый актива или обязательство, предназначенное для торговли
Financial capital финансовый капитал
financial conglomerate DO NOT TRANSLATE
Financial guarantee финансовая гарантия
Financial institution финансовый институт
Financial instruments финансовые инструменты
Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation Финансовые инструменты: раскрытие и представление информации
Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement IAS 39
financial liability финансовые обязательства
Financial performance финансовые результаты
financial position финансовое положение
financial reporting финансовая отчетность
Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies Финансовая отчетность в гиперинфляционной экономике
Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures Отражение совместной деятельности в финансовой отчетности
Financial review финансовый обзор
financial risk финансовый риск
financial statements финансовая отчетность
Financial year-to-date basis нарастающий итог на основе финансового периода с начала года до текущей даты
financing activities финансовая деятельность
Financing device способ финансирования
Finished good готовая продукция
firm commitment твердое обязательство
firm purchase commitment обязательство по покупке с фиксированными условиями
firm sales contracts договор продажи с фиксированными условиями
First IFRS financial statements первая финансовая отчетность по МСФО
first-in, first-out первое поступление — первый отпуск
First-time adopter предприятие, впервые применяющее МСФО
First-time adoption первое применение
First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards первое применение Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности
First-time Application Первоначальное принятие Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности
First-Time Application of IASs as the Primary Basis of Accounting Применение МСФО впервые в качестве основополагающих принципов учета
Fixed asset Основные средства
fixed coupon rate DO NOT TRANSLATE
Fixed price contract договор с фиксированной ценой
fixed production overheads постоянные производственные накладные расходы
flat yield curve DO NOT TRANSLATE
Floating rate плавающая ставка
Floor «флор»
Forecast прогноз, прогнозируемый
forecast transaction прогнозируемая операция
foreign currency иностранная валюта
foreign currency derivatives производные финансовые инструменты в иностранной валюте, валютные деривативы
foreign currency transaction операция в иностранной валюте
foreign entity зарубежное предприятие
Foreign Exchange — Capitalisation of Losses Resulting from Severe Currency Devaluations Обмен валют — капитализация убытков, возникающих в результате сильных девальваций валюты
foreign exchange contract валютный контракт
Foreign Exchange Rates обменные курсы валют
foreign operation иностранное подразделение
forgivable loans условно-безвозвратные займы
forward contract форвардный контракт
forward repurchase agreement форвардное соглашение об обратном приобретении
Framework Концепция
Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements Концепция подготовки и представления финансовой отчетности
Franchise fee вознаграждение за франчайзинг
Function of expense функция затрат
functional currency функциональная валюта
fundamental errors фундаментальные ошибки
Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies фундаментальные ошибки и изменения в учетной политике
funding предоставление средств
future cash flow Будущие потоки денежных средств
future economic benefit будущая экономическая выгода
futures contract фьючерсный контракт
GAAP ОПБУ
gain on disposal прибыль от выбытия
gains Доходы
general purchasing power approach подход на основе общей покупательной способности
general recognition principle основной принцип признания
geographical segments географические сегменты
going concern непрерывность деятельности предприятия
goodwill гудвил
governing board руководящего органа
governing body орган управления
governing charter устав предприятия
government правительство
government assistance государственная помощь
Government Assistance—No Specific Relation to Operating Activities Государственная помощь – отсутствие конкретной связи с операционной деятельностью
government grants государственные субсидии
government guarantee гарантия государства
grant date дата возникновения взаимных обязательств
grants related to assets субсидии, относящиеся к активам
grants related to income субсидии, относящиеся к доходу
gross investment in the lease валовые инвестиции в аренду
Gross margin валовая прибыль
Gross profit валовая прибыль
Group группа
Group administration (employee benefit) plans совместно управляемые пенсионные планы
group insurance contract групповой договор страхования
Group of assets группа активов
group of biological assets группа биологических активов
Grouping of assets группировка активов
Guarantee гарантия
guarantee fund гарантийный фонд
guaranteed residual value гарантированная ликвидационная стоимость
Harmonise согласовывать
harvest Получение сельскохозяйственной продукции
Hedge accounting учет хеджирования
hedge effectiveness эффективность хеджирования
hedged item хеджируемая статья
hedging хеджирование
hedging instrument инструмент хеджирования
Hedging relationship отношение хеджирования
Hedging reserve резерв по хеджированию
held for resale предназначенные для перепродажи
held for trading предназначенные для торговли
held-to-maturity investment инвестиция, удерживаемая до погашения
highly probable в высшей степени вероятный
hire-purchase contract договор аренды с правом выкупа
historical cost историческая стоимость
historical loss experience прошлый опыт возникновения убытков
Historical summaries Сводки данных (информации) за предыдущие периоды
holding company холдинговая компания
Host contract основной договор
host instrument основной инструмент
hybrid instrument гибридный инструмент
hyperinflation гиперинфляция
Hyperinflationary economies гиперинфляционная экономика
IAS МСФО (IAS)
IASC КМСФО
IASC Foundation Constitution Устав Фонда КМСФО
IASCF ФКМСФО
Identifiable asset идентифицируемый актив
IFAC МФБ
IFRIC Международный комитет по интерпретации стандартов финансовой отчетности
IFRS МСФО (IFRS)
IFRS-compliant соответствует (соответствующий) МСФО
impairment обесценение, снижение стоимости
impairment loss убыток от обесценения
Impairment of Assets обесценение активов
Impairment test тест на обесценение
Implementation Guidance руководство по применению
Import duties импортные пошлины
impracticability exemption освобождение по причине практической невозможности
impracticable невыполнимый, практически невозможный
imputed rate of interest вмененная ставка процента
in the money опцион «в деньгах»
Inception of the Lease дата начала арендных отношений
incidental income случайный доход
incidental operations побочные операции
income доход/прибыль
income approach в зависимости от контекста
Income statement = Statement of income отчет о прибылях и убытках
income tax налог на прибыль
income tax expense расход по уплате налога на прибыль
Income Taxes налог на прибыль
Income Taxes—Changes in the Tax Status of an Enterprise or its Shareholders Налоги на прибыль – изменения налогового статуса предприятия или его акционеров
Income Taxes—Recovery of Revalued Non-Depreciable Assets Налоги на прибыль – возмещение переоцененных неамортизируемых активов
Increasing Rate Preference Shares Привилегированные акции с растущей нормой дивидендов
Incremental share дополнительная акция
Indicator [of impairment] показатель (индикатор) обесценения
indirect method of reporting cash flows from operating activities косвенный метод составления отчета о движении денежных средств от операционной деятельности
individual asset отдельный актив
individual financial statements отдельная финансовая отчетность
Induced conversion вынужденная конвертация
Industry segments отраслевые сегменты
Inflation инфляция
Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices Информация, отражающая влияние изменения цен
initial classification первоначальная классификация
Initial Direct Costs первоначальные прямые затраты
Initial disclosure event (for a discontinuing operation) событие, определяющее момент первоначального раскрытия (для прекращаемой деятельности)
Initial measurement первоначальная оценка
Initial public offering первоначальное открытое предложение
initial recognition первоначальное признание
in-substance defeasance «по существу аннулирование»
insurable interest страхуемый процент, страхуемая доля
Insurance agency commissions Комиссионное вознаграждение страховой компании
insurance assets активы, связанные со страхованием
insurance company страховая компания
Insurance contract договор страхования
Insurance Contracts договоры страхования
Insurance enterprise страховая компания
insurance liability страховое обязательство
insurance obligations (принятые на себя) обязанности по договорам страхования
insurance risk страховой риск
insurance swaps страховые свопы
insured event застрахованное событие
insurer страховщик
intangible asset нематериальный актив
Intangible Assets нематериальные активы
Intangible Assets—Web Site Costs нематериальные активы — затраты на веб-сайт
integral foreign operation неотъемлемая зарубежная деятельность
interest доля участия, процент, доля
interest cost (for an employee benefit plan) затраты на проценты (для пенсионного плана с установленными выплатами)
interest rate implicit in a lease ставка процента, подразумеваемая в договоре аренды
interest rate implicit in the lease Ставка процента, подразумеваемая в договоре аренды
interest rate risk процентный риск
interest rate strip стрип по процентной ставке
Interest rate swap своп по процентной ставке
interest-only strip процентный стрип
Interests in Joint Ventures участие в совместной деятельности
interim financial report промежуточная финансовая отчетность
Interim Financial Reporting промежуточная финансовая отчетность
interim financial statements промежуточная финансовая отчетность
interim period промежуточный период
internal rate of return внутренняя ставка доходности
internal risk transfer передача внутренного риска
Internally generated созданный самим предприятием, самостоятельно созданный
Internally generated goodwill Внутренне-созданный гудвил
International Accounting Standard Международный стандарт финансовой отчетности (IAS)
International Accounting Standards Committee Комитет по международным стандартам финансовой отчетности
International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation Фонд Комитета по международным стандартам финансовой отчетности
International Federation of Accountants Международная федерация бухгалтеров
International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee Международный комитет по интерпретации стандартов финансовой отчетности
International Financial Reporting Standard Международный стандарт финансовой отчетности (IFRS)
intragroup внутригрупповые
intrinsic value внутренняя стоимость
Introduction of the Euro введение евро
inventories запасы
investee объект инвестиций
investing activities инвестиционная деятельность
investment Инвестиция
investment contract инвестиционный договор
Investment enterprise инвестиционное предприятие
investment grade DO NOT TRANSLATE
Investment performance рузультат инвестиционной деятельности
Investment Property Инвестиционное имущество
investment securities инвестиционные ценные бумаги
investment tax credits инвестиционные налоговые кредиты
investment-linked insurance funds связанные с инвестициями страховые фонды
Investments in Associates инвестиции в ассоциированные предприятия
Investor инвестор
investor in a joint venture инвестор в совместную деятельность
investor-owned entity предприятие, находящееся в собственности инвестора
Involuntary liquidation принудительная ликвидация
irrevocable commitments неотменяемые обязательства; безотзывные потенциальные обязательства
issued capital выпущенный капитал
issued shares выпущенные акции
issuing entity предприятие-эмитент; предприятие, выпускающее…
item статья
Item by item basis пообъектная основа
item of inventory статья (единица) запасов
joint control совместный контроль
joint venture совместная деятельность
Joint Working Group совместно работающая группа
Jointly Controlled Entities—Non-Monetary Contributions by Venturers Совместно контролируемые предприятия – немонетарные вклады участников совместной деятельности
jointly controlled entity совместно контролируемое предприятие
jurisdiction юрисдикция
key management personnel старший руководящий персонал
last-in, first-out последнее поступление, первый отпуск
lease аренда
lease term срок аренды
leaseback обратная аренда
leased assets арендуемые активы, сданные в аренду активы, арендованные активы
leasehold interest арендное право; доли арендного имущества
Leases Аренда
Legal entity юридическое лицо
legal merger юридическое слияние
legal obligation юридическое обязательство
legal parent предприятие, юридически являющееся материнским
legal rights юридические права
legal subsidiary предприятие, юридически являющееся дочерним
Legally enforceable right юридически закрепленное право
Legislative requirement требования законодательства
lender кредитор, заимодавец
lessee арендатор
lessee’s incremental borrowing rate of interest расчетная процентная ставка по договору аренды
lessor арендодатель
Letters of credit аккредитивы
leveraged written option DO NOT TRANSLATE
Liabilities assumed принятые обязательства
liability обязательство, кредиторская задолжность
Liability component долговой компонент
liability issue выпуск обязательств
Licence fee плата за лицензию
Licensing agreement лицензионное соглашение
life-contingent annuity пожизненные выплаты
LIFO ЛИФО
Line item статья отчетности
line of business вид деятельности
Liquid assets ликвидные активы
liquidity ликвидность
liquidity presentation Представление (активов и обязательств) в порядке ликвидности
liquidity risk риск ликвидности
Litigation settlements урегулирование судебных споров
loan заем, ссуда, кредит
loan asset заемный актив
loan commitment обязательство по займу; долговое обязательство
Loans and advances займы и авансы
loans and receivables займы и дебиторская задолженность
loans and receivables originated by the enterprise займы и дебиторская задолженность, предоставленные (выданные) предприятием
loans payable кредиторская задолженность по займам
loans payable in default просроченная кредиторская задолженность по займам
long-term employee benefits долгосрочные вознаграждения работникам
Long-term investment долгосрочные инвестиции
loss event событие, приводящее к убытку
Loss per share убыток на акцию
loss recognition test тест на признание убытка
losses убытки
Majority interest доля мажоритарных акционеров (собственников)
Management руководство
management commentary DO NOT TRANSLATE
Margin маржа, прибыль
market condition рыночное условие
Market price рыночная цена
market rate of interest рыночная процентная ставка
market risk рыночный риск
market value рыночная стоимость
Marketable рыночный
mask works DO NOT TRANSLATE
master netting arrangement генеральное соглашение о взаимозачете
matching of costs with revenues приведение в соответствие
Material adjustments существенные корректировки
material errors существенные ошибки
material omissions существенные пропуски
materiality существенность
Matrix approach матричный подход
Matrix presentation матричное представление
Maturity срок погашения
maturity value сумма подлежащая выплате на дату погашения
measurement оценка, определение стоимости (измерение)
measurement bases База оценки, база определения стоимости (база измерения)
measurement date дата оценки, дата измерения стоимости
measurement or recognition inconsistency несоответствие измерения и признания
Measuring interim income tax expense измерение промежуточных расходов по налогу на прибыль
members’ shares доли участников
Members’ Shares in Co-operative Entities and Similar Instruments Доли участников в кооперативных предприятиях и аналогичные инструменты
Membership fees членские взносы
merchandise товары
merger слияние
method of accounting метод учета
minerals and mineral products полезные ископаемые и продукты переработки полезных ископаемых
Minimum lease payments минимальные арендные платежи
minority interest доля меньшинства, доля миноритарных акционеров (собственников)
Mismatch несоответствие
misstatement искажение
mitigating device DO NOT TRANSLATE
monetary asset монетарный актив
Monetary items (monetary assets; monetary financial assets and financial liabilities; monetary financial instruments) монетарные статьи (монетарные активы, монетарные финансовые активы и финансовые обязательства; монетрные финансовые инструменты)
Monitor compliance контроль за соблюдением; следить за соблюдением
mortality risk риск наступления смерти, смертельного исхода
Multi-employer (benefit) plans пенсионные планы группы работодателей
Multi-employer plans (for an employee benefit plan) планы группы работодателей (по пенсионным планам)
multiple embedded derivatives множественные встроенные производные инструменты
mutual cooperative entity предприятие взаимного сотрудничества
mutual entity взаимное предприятие
mutual fund Паевой фонд
mutual insurance company компания взаимного страхования
National requirements национальные требования
Nature of expense method метод»по характеру затрат»
negative goodwill отрицательный гудвил
Negotiable paper ценные бумаги с договорной ставкой
net assets чистые активы
net basis нетто-основа
net disposal proceeds чистые поступления от выбытия
net exchange differences чистые курсовые разницы
net identifiable assets чистые идентифицируемые активы
net income чистая прибыль
net investment in a foreign entity чистые инвестиции в зарубежное предприятие
net investment in a foreign operation чистые инвестиции в иностранное подразделение
net investment in a lease чистые инвестиции в аренду
net loss чистый убыток
net monetary position чистая монетарная позиция
Net position нетто-позиция; чистая позиция
Net profit чистая прибыль
Net profit or loss [for the period] чистая прибыль или убыток (за период)
Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies Чистая прибыль или убыток за период, фундаментальные ошибки и изменения в учетной политике
Net realisable value чистая цена продажи
net selling price чистая продажная цена
Net settlement = Settle net нетто-расчет, осуществить зачет встречных требований
neutrality нейтральность
newly acquired asset новоприобретенный актив
next most senior parent Материнское предприятие следующего более высокого уровня
Non-adjusting event [after the balance sheet date] некорректирующие события (после даты баланса)
non-bank financial service firm DO NOT TRANSLATE
non-cancellable lease аренда без права досрочного прекращения
Non-cash transactions неденежные операции
non-coterminous year-ends Несовпадающие отчетные даты
non-current assets долгосрочные (внеоборотные) активы
non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations долгосрочные активы, предназначенные для продажи, и прекращенная деятельность
non-derivative не являющийся производным
non-derivative contract неявляющийся производным договор
Non-discretionary employee profit-sharing plan обязательный план участия работников в прибыли (предприятия)
Non-discretionary payments безусловные выплаты
non-financial assets нефинансовые активы
Non-linearities нелинейность
Non-marketable securities нерыночные ценные бумаги
non-monetary asset немонетарный актив
Non-monetary government grants немонетарные государственные субсидии
non-redeemable не подлежащие погашению, непогашаемые
non-refundable purchase taxes невозмещаемые налоги на покупку
normal capacity of production facilities нормальная производственная мощность основных средств
notes (receivable/payable) векселя (к получению/оплате)
Notional amount условная (номинальная) сумма
notionally restated условно пересчитываемые
Objective цель
obligating event обязывающее событие
obligation обязательство
obligations for removal and restoration обязательства по удалению объектов основных средств и восстановлению природных ресурсов
observable (benchmark) interest rate DO NOT TRANSLATE
observable markets DO NOT TRANSLATE
observed (benchmark) interest rate наблюдаемая (базовая) процентная ставка
observed market price наблюдаемая рыночная цена
obsolescence устаревание, моральный износ
Offer price цена предложения
offset взаимозачет
offsetting проведение взаимозачета
onerous contract обременительный договор
Opening balance сальдо на начало периода
Opening IFRS balance sheet вступительный баланс по МСФО
operating activities операционная деятельность
operating cycle операционный цикл
operating lease операционная аренда
Operating Leases—Incentives Операционная аренда – стимулы
option опцион, возможность, право
option contract договор опциона; опционный контракт
option pricing model модель определения цены опциона; модель оценки опциона
ordinary activities обычная деятельность
ordinary course of business ход обычной деятельности
ordinary share обыкновенная акция
Original cost первоначальная стоимость
originated loans and receivables займы выданные, дебиторская задолженность
Origination costs затраты на подготовительную работу
other long-term employee benefits прочие долгосрочные вознаграждения работникам
other price risk другие ценовые риски
out of the money опцион «без денег»
Outright sale прямая продажа
outsourcing arrangements соглашения о привлечении внешних подрядчиков
overheads накладные расходы
over-the-counter market внебиржевой рынок
owner-occupied property недвижимость, занимаемая владельцем
Owners’ equity капитал собственника
ownership interest непосредственная доля участия
Paid in capital оплаченный капитал
parent материнское предприятие
parent-subsidiary relationship отношение материнское предприятие — дочернее предприятие
partially-owned subsidiary предприятие, находящееся в частичной собственности
Participants [in a pension plan] участники (пенсионного плана)
Participating equity instruments долевые инструменты, дающие право на участие в распределении прибыли; долевые инструменты, участвующие в прибыли
Past business combination объединение бизнеса в прошлом
past due просроченный
past event прошлое событие
past service cost стоимость услуг прошлых периодов
payables кредиторская задолженность
Pension пенсия
Pension liability Пенсионное обязательство
Pension scheme пенсионная схема
percentage of completion method метод процента выполнения
Performance (= Financial performance) (финансовые) результаты деятельности
performance conditions Условия достижения результатов деятельности
Period of service период обслуживания
Period-certain annuity аннуитет, относящийся к определенному периоду
period-specific effects эффект, относящийся к определенному периоду
Perpetual debt instruments вечный долговой инструмент
persistency bonus DO NOT TRANSLATE
personnel кадры, персонал, сотрудники, служащие
phantom shares ФАНТОМНЫЕ АКЦИИ
physical capital физический капитал
Plan assets (of an employee benefit plan) активы плана (пенсионного плана)
plan commitment date дата обязательств по плану
pledged as collateral переданный в залог (в обеспечение)
policyholder страхователь, держатель полиса
pooling of interests method метод объединения интересов
Portfolio портфель, портфолио
Portfolio Hedge of Interest Rate Risk Учет хеджирования справедливой стоимости при хеджировании портфеля процентных рисков
portfolio transfer передача портфеля
position-taking institutions занимающие позиции организации
post-employment benefit plans планы вознаграждений по окончании трудовой деятельности
post-employment benefits вознаграждения по окончании трудовой деятельности
post-tax profit or loss прибыль или убыток после налогов
post-vesting transfer restriction ограничения на передачу после даты перехода прав
potential ordinary share потенциальная обыкновенная акция
potential voting rights потенциальное право голоса
pre-combination предварительное объединение
Preface to International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee Предисловие Комитета по интерпретациям международной финансовой отчетности
Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards Предисловие к Международным стандартам финансовой отчетности
preference dividend дивиденд по привилегированным акциям
Preference share привилегированные акции
premium премия
Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements подготовка и представление финансовой отчетности
preparers составители
prepayments предоплата, предварительная оплата
Present obligation существующее обязательство (обязанность)
present value приведенная стоимость
Present value of a defined benefit obligation приведенная стоимость обязательств по пенсионному плану с установленными выплатами
presentation представление
presentation currency валюта представления отчетности
Presentation of Financial Statements представление финансовой отчетности
Previous GAAP предыдущие ОПБУ
Price earnings ratios соотношение цены и прибыли
Price index ценовой индекс
price risk ценовой риск
Primary Basis of Accounting определяющие принципы учета
primary economic environment Основная экономическая среда
primary financial instruments базисные финансовые инструменты
Primary objective основная цель
primary reporting format первичный формат отчетности
principal-only strip стрип основной суммы
Principles-based approach принципиальный подход
prior period error ошибка предыдущего периода
private entity частное предприятие
Privatisation приватизация
Pro forma проформа
Pro rata basis пропорциональная основа
probability recognition criterion критерий вероятности признания
probable вероятный
probable maximum loss максимальная величина вероятного убытка
product warranty obligations гарантийные обязательства по продукции
Production overheads производственные накладные расходы
production process процесс производства
profit прибыль
Profit after tax прибыль после налога
Profit allowance оценочный резерв по прибыли
Profit before tax прибыль до налога
Profit sharing участие в прибыли, разделение прибыли
Progress billing счета по неоконченным расчетам ?
Progress payment промежуточные платежи
prohibitions запреты
projected unit credit method метод прогнозируемой условной единицы
promissory notes Векселя
property interest имущественные права
Property, Plant and Equipment Основные средства
Property, Plant and Equipment — Compensation for the Impairment or Loss of Items Основные средства—компенсация обесценения или утраты объектов
Property, Plant and Equipment — Major Inspection or Overhaul Costs Основные средства – затраты на существенный технический осмотр или капитальный ремонт
proportionate consolidation пропорциональная консолидация
proportionate interest пропорциональная доля участия
Proposed improvements предлагаемые доработки (улучшения)
prospective application перспективное применение
provision Резерв
provision for loss Резерв на потери
provisional value предварительно определенная стоимость
Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets Резервы, условные обязательства и условные активы
proxy DO NOT TRANSLATE
prudence осмотрительность
public entity государственное предприятие
Public securities markets открытые рынки ценных бумаг
publicly quoted entity предприятие, котирующееся на открытом рынке
published price объявленная цена
purchase consideration возмещение за покупку
purchase method метод приобретения (покупки)
purchase price цена покупки
Purchased options приобретенные опционы
Put option опцион на продажу
Puttable с правом досрочного погашения
puttable instrument инструмент с правом обратной продажи
Qualify for recognition/derecognition отвечать (удовлетворять) критериям признания (прекращения признания)
qualifying asset актив, отвечающий определенным требованиям
qualifying insurance policy страховые полисы, удовлетворяющие определенным требованиям
Qualitative characteristics качественные характеристики
quantitative disclosures DO NOT TRANSLATE
quoted equity instrument котирующийся (котируемый) долевой инструмент
Quoted market price котирующаяся (котируемая) рыночная цена
rated and unrated credit exposures DO NOT TRANSLATE
realisable value возможная стоимость реализации
Reasonable estimate обоснованная (расчетная) оценка
reasonably possible обоснованно возможный
reassessment пересмотр оценки
rebates скидки
Rebuttable presumption опровержимое допущение
receivables дебиторская задолженность
recognised financial instruments признанные финансовые инструменты
recognition признание, отражение
recognition as an expense признание в качестве расхода, отражение в составе расходов
Recognition criteria критерии признания, отражения
reconciliation выверка, сверка
reconciliation period DO NOT TRANSLATE
recoverability возместимость, возмещаемость, восстанавливаемость
recoverable возмещаемый
recoverable amount возмещаемая сумма
Redemption выкуп, погашение
redemption prohibition запрет погашения
Refinancing рефинансирование
Reformatted (IAS) в редакции, в формате
regular way purchase or sale Покупка или продажа «на стандартных условиях»
Regulator регулирующий орган
reimbursement возмещение
reinsurance contract договор перестрахования
Reinsurer перестраховщик
Reinvestment of dividends реинвестирование дивидендов
related parties связанные стороны
Related Party Disclosures Раскрытие информации о связанных сторонах
related party transaction операция между связанными сторонами
relevance уместность
reliability надежность
reliability exception исключение по категории надежности; исключение из принципа надежности
reliable measurement test тест на «надежное измерение»
reload feature характеристика восстановления
reload option восстановительный опцион
remeasurement переоценка
Rendering of Services предоставление услуг
renewal rights права на продление, на возобновление
Reorganisations реорганизации
repairs and maintenance ремонт и текущее обслуживание
Repayment возврат платежа
replacement cost of an asset восстановительная стоимость актива
repledge перезакладывать
reportable segment отчетный сегмент
reporting currency валюта отчетности
Reporting Currency — Measurement and Presentation of Financial Statements Under IAS 21 and IAS 29 SIC 19«Валюта отчетности – оценка и представление финансовой отчетности согласно требованиям МСФО 21 и МСФО 29»
Reporting Currency – Translation from Measurement Currency to Presentation Currency Валюта отчетности – перевод из валюты измерения в валюту представления
reporting date отчетная дата
reporting enterprise отчитывающееся предприятие
reporting entity отчитывающееся предприятие
Reporting package комплект отчетной информации
reporting period отчетный период
representational faithfulness достоверность представления
repurchase agreement договор обратной покупки (РЕПО)
research исследования
reserve резерв
residual cost остаточная стоимость; оставшиеся фактические затраты
residual interest остаточная доля
residual value ликвидационная стоимость (correct:остаточная стоимость)
Resolution of the IASB—Withdrawal of IAS 15 by the Board Решение Правления КМСФО — Прекращение действия МСФО 15 по решению Правления
restatement пересчет
restructuring реструктуризация
Restructuring provision Оценочные обязательства по реструктуризации
Result результат, происходить в результате
retail method метод розничных цен, метод учета по розничным ценам
Retail store chain сеть розничных магазинов
retained earnings нераспределенная прибыль
retained profit Нераспределенная прибыль
retirement benefit plans пенсионные планы
retroactive classification ретроактивная классификация
retrospective application ретроспективное применение
return on investment доход на инвестиции, прибыльность инвестиций
Return on plan assets (of an employee benefit plan) доходы на активы плана (пенсионного плана)
revaluation переоценка
Revaluation reserve резерв по переоценке
Revaluation surplus прирост стоимости от переоценки
revalued amount of an asset переоцененная стоимость актива
revenue выручка
Revenue—Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services Доход – бартерные операции, включающие рекламные услуги
reversal сторно
reverse acquisition обратное приобретение
Reverse share split обратное дробление акций, консолидация акций
Revised (IAS) пересмотренный (МСФО)
rewards associated with a leased asset вознаграждения, связанные с арендуемым активом
right of first refusal преимущественное право
Right of set-off право на зачет
right to explore право на производство разведочных работ
Rights issue Предоставление права на приобретение акций (нового выпуска)
Rights to Interests arising from Decommissioning, Restoration and Environmental Rehabilitation Funds Права на участие, возникающие из фондов финансирования вывода объектов из эксплуатации, восстановления занимаемых ими участков и экологической реабилитации
Risk риск
Risk exposure подверженность риску
risks and rewards of ownership риски и вознаграждения, связанные с правом собственности
risks associated with a leased asset риски, связанные с арендой актива
Roll back пересчет назад
Roll forward пересчет вперед
royalty роялти
sale продажа
sale and leaseback transaction операция продажи с обратной арендой
SARs DO NOT TRANSLATE
Scope сфера применения
Secondary segment information вторичная сегментная информация
Securities ценные бумаги
securitisation секьюритизация
segment сегмент
segment assets активы сегмента
segment expense расходы сегмента
Segment Reporting Сегментная отчетность
segment result результаты сегмента
segment revenue доход сегмента
self-constructed asset актив, созданный своими силами; самостоятельно произведенный актив
Self-insurance самострахование
selling price продажная цена
Sensitivity analysis анализ чувствительности
separability Отделимость
separable assets отделимые активы
separate financial statements индивидуальная финансовая отчетность
separate liability отдельное обязательство
separately identifiable отдельно определимый (идентифицируемый)
Service cost стоимость услуг
service date дата предоставления услуг
service mark знак обслуживания
Servicing liabilities обязательства по обслуживанию
Servicing rights права обслуживания
Set of financial statements комплект финансовой отчетности
Set-off, legal right of зачет, юридическое право на зачет
Settle net = Net settlement нетто-расчет, осуществление зачета встречных требований
settlement расчет, погашение, урегулирование
Settlement (of employee benefit obligations) расчет (по обязательствам пенсионного плана)
settlement date дата расчета
settlement date accounting учет по дате расчетов
settlement provision положение о расчете
settlement value Стоимость погашения
severally liable солидарная ответственность
share акция, доля, разделять
share appreciation rights право получения выгод от прироста стоимости акций
share buy-back arrangements соглашения об обратной покупке акций
share call options опционы на покупку акций
share capital акционерный капитал
Share Capital — Reacquired Own Equity Instruments (Treasury Shares) Акционерный капитал – вновь приобретенные собственные долевые инструменты (собственные выкупленные акции)
Share consolidation консолидация акций
share option опцион на акции
Share option plan план опционов на акции
share premium эмиссионный доход
share split дробление акций
share warrant варранты на акции
Share-based Payment Выплаты, основанные на акциях
share-based payment arrangement соглашение о платеже, основанном на акциях
share-based payment transaction операция платежа, основанного на акциях
shareholder акционер
shareholders’ equity собственный капитал акционеров
short seller продавец «в короткую»; продавец ценных бумаг, играющий на понижение
short-term employee benefits краткосрочные вознаграждения работникам
SIC ПКИ
significant influence значительное влияние
Single product enterprise предприятие, производящее один продукт
Sinking fund фонд погашения
Social security социальное обеспечение
Social security contribution взносы на социальное обеспечение
solvency платежеспособность
SPE ПСН
special purpose entity предприятие специального назначения
specific identification of costs метод индивидуальной идентификации затрат
speculative grade DO NOT TRANSLATE
spin — off отделение
spot exchange rate текущий обменный курс; обменный спот-курс
stand-alone basis посмотреть IAS 24
stand-alone derivative самостоятельный производный инструмент
stand-alone entity отдельное предприятие
Standard cost method нормативный метод учета затрат, стандарт кост
stand-by crecit facilities DO NOT TRANSLATE
Standby letters of credit резервные аккредитивы
Standing Interpretation Committee Постоянный комитет по интерпретациям
start-up costs начальные затраты
state-controlled entities предприятия, контролируемые государством
Statement of cash flows = Cash flow statement отчет о движении денежных средств
Statement of changes in equity отчет об изменениях в собственном капитале
Statement of compliance with IFRSs заявление о соответствии МСФО
Statement of income = Income statement отчет о прибылях и убытках
Stewardship of management управление руководства
stock exchange listing листинг на фондовой бирже; допуск ценных бумаг на фондовую биржу
Stop-loss DO NOT TRANSLATE
straight debt DO NOT TRANSLATE
straight-line method прямолинейный метод
stress test DO NOT TRANSLATE
subsequent gain последующая прибыль
subsidiary дочернее предприятие
Subsidies дотации
substance over form приоритет содержания над формой
Substantively enacted по существу действующий
Superannuation scheme схема пенсий по выслуге лет
Superseded versions замененные версии
Supervisory non-management directors контролирующие директоры без управленческих функций
supplier поставщик
supply agreement соглашение о поставке
Surety bonds гарантийные обязательства страхования
surrender option возможность отказа
surrender values стоимость отказа
Swap contract Договор «своп»
swaption свопцион
Syndication синдицирование
synthetic instrument синтетический инструмент
Tainting правило «заражения»
take-or-pay contract договор типа «принимай или плати»
Tangible asset материальный актив
tangible fixed asset материальные основные средства
Targeted exemptions целевые освобождения
tax налог, налоговый
tax base налоговая база
tax base of an asset or liability налоговая база актива или обязательства
tax benefit налоговая выгода
tax effects налоговые последствия
Tax expense (tax income) расход (доход) по налогу (на прибыль)
tax jurisdiction налоговая юрисдикция
Tax liability налоговое обязательство
Tax purposes налоговые цели
Tax rate ставка налога
Taxable profit (tax loss) налогооблагаемая прибыль (налоговый убыток)
taxable temporary difference налогооблагаемая временная разница
taxation налоообложение
technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource техническая осуществимость и коммерческая целесообразность добычи полезного ископаемого
temporary difference временная разница
Tender offer конкурсное предложение
termination benefits выходные пособия
Tests goodwill for impairment проверка (тестирование) гудвила на обесценение
The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates Влияние изменений обменных курсов валют
Theoretical ex-rights value per share Теоретическая справедливая стоимость на акцию до реализации прав
Time-weighting factor взвешенный временной коэффициент
to ‘manufacture’ gains «создавать» прибыли
Top-down test тест «сверху-вниз»
total return swap своп совокупного дохода
trade date дата заключения сделки
trade date accounting учет по дате заключения сделки
trade receivable торговая дебиторская задолженность
trade secret коммерческая тайна
Trading – financial asset or liability held for trading торговля — финансовый актив или обязательство, предназначенное для торговли
trading gains and losses DO NOT TRANSLATE
transaction операция
Transaction costs (financial instruments) затраты по сделке (финансовые инструменты)
transaction price цена операции
transfer передача, перевод, передавать
transferee принимающая сторона
transferor передающая сторона
Transitional liability (defined benefit plans) переходные обязательства (пенсионные планы с установленными выплатами)
Translation difference разница от пересчета
translation method метод пересчета
translation of foreign currency пересчет иностранной валюты
translation of the financial statements пересчет финансовой отчетности
translation to the presentation currency пересчет в валюту представления
Transparency прозрачность
treasury shares собственные акции, выкупленные у акционеров
triggering event событие, дающее начало
Trust activities доверительные операции
Trustee доверительный управляющий, попечитель
two-class ordinary shares обыкновенные акции, относящиеся к двум классам
ultimate controlling party сторона, обладающая основным правом контроля
unallocated surplus нераспределенный прирост стоимости
Unamortised неамортизированный
unbundle отделение
uncertain event неопределенное событие
Uncollectability безнадежная задолженность
unconditional prohibitions безусловные запреты
unconditional right to refuse redemption безусловное право отказать в погашении
underlying asset базовый актив
underlying variable Базовая (базисная) переменная
understandability понятность
underwriting year DO NOT TRANSLATE
undistributed earnings нераспределенная прибыль
undrawn loan commitment неиспользованная сумма по обязательству по займу
Undue cost or effort чрезмерные затраты или усилия
unearned finance income неполученный финансовый доход
unearned premiums премии будущих периодов
unguaranteed residual value ликвидационная стоимость
uniform accounting policies единая (одинаковая) учетная политика
unit of account единица учета
unit of production единица продукции
unit trust паевой фонд
unit value стоимость единицы
uniting of interests объединение интересов
unit-linking feature привязка к стоимости пая
Unquoted некотируемый
unquoted equity instruments некотируемые долевые инструменты
unrecognised непризнанный
unrecognised financial instruments непризнанные финансовые инструменты
unsecured commercial loans DO NOT TRANSLATE
upstream transactions операции «снизу вверх»
useful life срок полезного использования
User [of financial statements] пользователь (финансовой отчетности)
users пользователи
Users of financial statements пользователи финансовой отчетности
Valid expectation обоснованные ожидания
valuation оценка
valuation method метод оценки
valuation technique методика оценки
Value added statement отчет о добавленной стоимости
value in use стоимость от использования
value-at-risk метод стоимостной оценки рисков
variable production overheads переменные производственные накладные расходы
venturer участник совместной деятельности
vest переходить
vested employee benefits безусловные выплаты работникам
vesting conditions условия перехода
vesting period период перехода
voting rights права голоса
warrant варрант
warranty гарантии
warranty obligation гарантийное обязательство
wash sale фиктивная продажа
wear and tear физический износ
weather derivatives метеорологические производные инструменты
Weighted Average средневзвешенная
weighted average cost formula метод средневзвешенной стоимости
wholly-owned subsidiary дочернее предприятие, находящееся в полной собственности
willing parties желающие совершить операцию стороны
work in progress незавершенное производство
working capital оборотный капитал
worst-case scenario худший сценарий
write off (полностью) списать со счета
write-down списание
Written option выпущенный опцион
Year-to-date с начала года до отчетной даты
26 апреля 2011
МСФО в строительстве, Пресса о МСФО и их применении в России
Комментарии к записи List of accounting and financial management terms that correspond to International Financial Reporting Standards, and their meaning отключены
List of accounting and financial management terms that correspond to International Financial Reporting Standards, and their meaning
By Sergey Moderov, ACCA, smoderov@mail.ru
accounting policies The specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and
practices applied by an entity in preparing and
presenting financial statements.
IAS 8.5
accounting profit Profit or loss for a period before deducting tax
expense.
IAS 12.5
accrual basis of
accounting
The effects of transactions and other events are
recognised when they occur (and not as cash or its
equivalent is received or paid) and they are recorded
in the accounting records and reported in the
financial statements of the periods to which they
relate.
F.22
accumulating
compensated
absences
Compensated absences that are carried forward and
can be used in future periods if the current period’s
entitlement is not used in full.
IAS 19.13
acquiree The business or businesses that the acquirer obtains
control of in a business combination.
IFRS 3.A
acquirer The entity that obtains control of the acquiree. IFRS 3.A
acquisition date The date on which the acquirer obtains control of
the acquiree.
IFRS 3.A
active market A market in which all the following conditions exist:
(a) the items traded within the market are
homogeneous;
(b) willing buyers and sellers can normally be found
at any time; and
(c) prices are available to the public.
IAS 36.6,
(IAS 38.8),
IAS 41.8
active market A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an
active market if quoted prices are readily and
regularly available from an exchange, dealer,
broker, industry group, pricing service or regulatory
agency, and those prices represent actual and
regularly occurring market transactions on an arm’s
length basis.
actuarial
assumptions
An entity’s unbiased and mutually compatible best
estimates of the demographic and financial
variables that will determine the ultimate cost of
providing post-employment benefits.
IAS 19.72–73
actuarial gains
and losses
(a) Experience adjustments (the effects of differences
between the previous actuarial assumptions and
what has actually occurred); and
(b) the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions.
IAS 19.7
actuarial present
value of promised
retirement benefits
The present value of the expected payments by a
retirement benefit plan to existing and past
employees, attributable to the service already
rendered.
IAS 26.8
adjusting events
after the reporting
period
See ‘events after the reporting period’
agricultural activity The management by an entity of the biological
transformation and harvest of biological assets for
sale or for conversion into agricultural produce or
into additional biological assets.
IAS 41.5
agricultural
produce
The harvested product of the entity’s biological
assets.
IAS 41.5
amortisation
(depreciation)*
The systematic allocation of the depreciable amount
of an asset over its useful life.
IAS 36.6,
IAS 38.8
amortised cost of a
financial asset or
financial liability
The amount at which the financial asset or financial
liability is measured at initial recognition minus
principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative
amortisation using the effective interest method of
any difference between that initial amount and the
maturity amount, and minus any reduction (directly
or through the use of an allowance account) for
impairment or uncollectibility.
IAS 39.9
antidilution An increase in earnings per share or a reduction in
loss per share resulting from the assumption that
convertible instruments are converted, that options
or warrants are exercised, or that ordinary shares are
issued upon the satisfaction of specified conditions.
IAS 33.5
asset A resource:
(a) controlled by an entity as a result of past events;
and
(b) from which future economic benefits are
expected to flow to the entity.
IAS 38.8,
(F.49(a))
assets held by a
long-term employee
benefit fund
Assets (other than non-transferable financial
instruments issued by the reporting entity) that:
(a) are held by an entity (a fund) that is legally
separate from the reporting entity and exists
solely to pay or fund employee benefits; and
(b) are available to be used only to pay or fund
employee benefits, are not available to the
reporting entity’s own creditors (even in
bankruptcy), and cannot be returned to the
reporting entity, unless either:
(i) the remaining assets of the fund are
sufficient to meet all the related employee
benefit obligations of the plan or the
reporting entity; or
(ii) the assets are returned to the reporting
entity to reimburse it for employee benefits
already paid.
IAS 19.7
associate An entity, including an unincorporated entity such
as a partnership, over which the investor has
significant influence and that is neither a subsidiary
nor an interest in a joint venture.
IAS 28.2
basic earnings
per share
Profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders
of the parent entity (the numerator) divided by the
weighted average number of ordinary shares
outstanding during the period (the denominator).
IAS 33.10
biological asset A living animal or plant. IAS 41.5
biological
transformation
The processes of growth, degeneration, production,
and procreation that cause qualitative or
quantitative changes in a biological asset.
IAS 41.5
borrowing costs Interest and other costs that an entity incurs in
connection with the borrowing of funds.
IAS 23.5
business An integrated set of activities and assets that is
capable of being conducted and managed for the
purpose of providing a return in the form of
dividends, lower costs or other economic benefits
directly to investors or other owners, members or
participants.
IFRS 3.A
business
combination
A transaction or other event in which an acquirer
obtains control of one or more businesses.
Transactions sometimes referred to as ‘true mergers’
or ‘mergers of equals’ are also business
combinations as that term is used in IFRS 3.
IFRS 3.A
capital Under a financial concept of capital, such as invested
money or invested purchasing power, the net assets
or equity of the entity. The financial concept of
capital is adopted by most entities.
Under a physical concept of capital, such as
operating capability, the productive capacity of the
entity based on, for example, units of output per day.
F.102
capitalisation Recognising a cost as part of the cost of an asset. IAS 23.9
carrying amount The amount at which an asset is recognised after
deducting any accumulated depreciation
(amortisation) and accumulated impairment losses
thereon.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 36.6,
IAS 38.8
carrying amount The amount at which an asset is recognised in the
statement of financial position.
IAS 40.5,
IAS 41.8
cash Cash on hand and demand deposits. IAS 7.6
cash equivalents Short-term, highly liquid investments that are
readily convertible to known amounts of cash and
which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes
in value.
IAS 7.6
cash flows Inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents. IAS 7.6
cash-generating
unit
The smallest identifiable group of assets that
generates cash inflows that are largely independent
of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of
assets.
IAS 36.6,
IFRS 5.A
cash-settled
share-based
payment
transaction
A share-based payment transaction in which the
entity acquires goods or services by incurring a
liability to transfer cash or other assets to the
supplier of those goods or services for amounts that
are based on the price (or value) of equity
instruments (including shares or share options) of
the entity or another group entity.
IFRS 2.A
cedant The policyholder under a reinsurance contract. IFRS 4.A
change in
accounting
estimate
An adjustment of the carrying amount of an asset or
a liability, or the amount of the periodic
consumption of an asset, that results from the
assessment of the present status of, and expected
future benefits and obligations associated with,
assets and liabilities. Changes in accounting
estimates result from new information or new
developments and, accordingly, are not corrections
of errors.
IAS 8.5
class of assets A grouping of assets of a similar nature and use in an
entity’s operations.
IAS 16.37,
IAS 36.127,
IAS 38.119
class of financial
instruments
Grouping of financial instruments that is
appropriate to the nature of the information
disclosed and that takes into account the
characteristics of those financial instruments.
IFRS 7.6
close members
of the family of
a person
Those family members who may be expected to
influence, or be influenced by, that person in their
dealings with the entity and include:
(a) that person’s children and spouse or domestic
partner;
(b) children of that person’s spouse or domestic
partner
(c) dependants of that person or that person’s
spouse or domestic partner.
IAS 24.9
closing rate The spot exchange rate at the end of the reporting
period.
IAS 21.8
commencement of
the lease term
The date from which the lessee is entitled to exercise
its right to use the leased asset. It is the date of
initial recognition of the lease (ie the recognition of
the assets, liabilities, income or expenses resulting
from the lease, as appropriate).
IAS 17.4
compensation Includes all employee benefits (as defined in IAS 19)
including employee benefits to which IFRS 2 applies.
Employee benefits are all forms of consideration
paid, payable or provided by the entity, or on behalf
of the entity, in exchange for services rendered to
the entity. It also includes such consideration paid
on behalf of a parent of the entity in respect of the
entity. Compensation includes:
(a) short-term employee benefits, such as wages,
salaries and social security contributions, paid
annual leave and paid sick leave, profit-sharing
and bonuses (if payable within twelve months of
the end of the period) and non-monetary
benefits (such as medical care, housing, cars and
free or subsidised goods or services) for current
employees;
(b) post-employment benefits such as pensions,
other retirement benefits, post-employment life
insurance and post-employment medical care;
(c) other long-term employee benefits, including
long-service leave or sabbatical leave, jubilee or
other long-service benefits, long-term disability
benefits and, if they are not payable wholly
within twelve months after the end of the
period, profit-sharing, bonuses and deferred
compensation;
(d) termination benefits; and
(e) share-based payment.
IAS 24.9
component of
an entity
Operations and cash flows that can be clearly
distinguished, operationally and for financial
reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity.
IFRS 5.A
compound financial
instrument
A financial instrument that, from the issuer’s
perspective, contains both a liability and an equity
element.
IAS 32.28–29
consolidated
financial statements
The financial statements of a group presented as
those of a single economic entity.
IAS 27.4,
IAS 28.2
construction
contract
A contract specifically negotiated for the
construction of an asset or a combination of assets
that are closely interrelated or interdependent in
terms of their design, technology and function or
their ultimate purpose or use.
IAS 11.3
constructive
obligation
An obligation that derives from an entity’s actions
where:
(a) by an established pattern of past practice,
published policies or a sufficiently specific
current statement, the entity has indicated to
other parties that it will accept certain
responsibilities; and
(b) as a result, the entity has created a valid
expectation on the part of those other parties
that it will discharge those responsibilities.
IAS 37.10
contingent asset A possible asset that arises from past events and
whose existence will be confirmed only by the
occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more
uncertain future events not wholly within the
control of the entity.
IAS 37.10
contingent
consideration
Usually, an obligation of the acquirer to transfer
additional assets or equity interests to the former
owners of an acquiree as part of the exchange for
control of the acquiree if specified future events
occur or conditions are met. However, contingent
consideration also may give the acquirer the right to
the return of previously transferred consideration if
specified conditions are met.
IFRS 3.A
contingent liability (a) A possible obligation that arises from past
events and whose existence will be confirmed
only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one
or more uncertain future events not wholly
within the control of the entity; or
(b) a present obligation that arises from past events
but is not recognised because:
(i) it is not probable that an outflow of
resources embodying economic benefits will
be required to settle the obligation; or
(ii) the amount of the obligation cannot be
measured with sufficient reliability.
IAS 37.10
contingent rent That portion of the lease payments that is not fixed
in amount but is based on the future amount of a
factor that changes other than with the passage of
time (eg percentage of future sales, amount of future
use, future price indices, future market rates of
interest).
IAS 17.4
contingent share
agreement
An agreement to issue shares that is dependent on
the satisfaction of specified conditions.
IAS 33.5
contingently
issuable
ordinary shares
Ordinary shares issuable for little or no cash or other
consideration upon the satisfaction of specified
conditions in a contingent share agreement.
IAS 33.5
contract An agreement between two or more parties that has
clear economic consequences that the parties have
little, if any, discretion to avoid, usually because the
agreement is enforceable at law. Contracts may take
a variety of forms and need not be in writing.
IAS 32.13
control (of an entity) The power to govern the financial and operating
policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its
activities.
IAS 24.9,
IAS 27.4,
IAS 28.2,
(IAS 31.3),
IFRS 3.A
corporate assets Assets other than goodwill that contribute to the
future cash flows of both the cash-generating unit
under review and other cash-generating units.
IAS 36.6
‘corridor’ A range around an entity’s best estimate of
post-employment benefit obligations.
IAS 19.95
cost The amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the
fair value of the other consideration given to acquire
an asset at the time of its acquisition or
construction, or, when applicable, the amount
attributed to that asset when initially recognised in
accordance with the specific requirements of other
IFRSs, eg IFRS 2.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 38.8,
IAS 40.5
cost of inventories All costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other
costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their
present location and condition.
IAS 2.10
cost of purchase All of the purchase price, import duties and other
taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by
the entity from the taxing authorities), and
transport, handling and other costs directly
attributable to the acquisition of the item. Trade
discounts, rebates and other similar items are
deducted in determining the costs of purchase.
IAS 2.11
cost plus contract A construction contract in which the contractor is
reimbursed for allowable or otherwise defined costs,
plus a percentage of these costs or a fixed fee.
IAS 11.3
costs of conversion Costs directly related to the units of production,
such as direct labour together with a systematic
allocation of fixed and variable production
overheads that are incurred in converting materials
into finished goods.
IAS 2.12
costs of disposal Incremental costs directly attributable to the disposal
of an asset, excluding finance costs and income tax
expense.
IAS 36.6
costs to sell The incremental costs directly attributable to the
disposal of an asset (or disposal group), excluding
finance costs and income tax expense.
IFRS 5.A
(IAS 41.5)
credit risk The risk that one party to a financial instrument will
cause a financial loss for the other party by failing to
discharge an obligation.
IFRS 7.A
currency risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a
financial instrument will fluctuate because of
changes in foreign exchange rates.
IFRS 7.A
current asset An entity shall classify an asset as current when:
(a) it expects to realise the asset or intends to sell or
consume it in its normal operating cycle;
(b) it holds the asset primarily for the purpose of
trading;
(c) it expects to realise the asset within twelve
months after the reporting period
(d) the asset is cash or a cash equivalent (as defined
in IAS 7) unless the asset is restricted from being
exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least
twelve months after the reporting period.
An entity shall classify all other assets as non-current.
IAS 1.66,
(IFRS 5.A)
current cost The amount of cash or cash equivalents that would
have to be paid if the same or an equivalent asset was
acquired currently.
The undiscounted amount of cash or cash equivalents
that would be required to settle an obligation
currently.
F.100(b)
current liability An entity shall classify a liability as current when:
(a) it expects to settle the liability in its normal
operating cycle;
(b) it holds the liability primarily for the purpose of
trading;
(c) the liability is due to be settled within twelve
months after the reporting period; or
(d) the entity does not have an unconditional right
to defer settlement of the liability for at least
twelve months after the reporting period.
An entity shall classify all other liabilities as
non-current.
IAS 1.69
current service cost The increase in the present value of the defined
benefit obligation resulting from employee service in
the current period.
IAS 19.7
current tax The amount of income taxes payable (recoverable) in
respect of the taxable profit (tax loss) for a period.
IAS 12.5
curtailment
(of a defined benefit
plan)
A curtailment occurs when an entity either:
(a) is demonstrably committed to make a significant
reduction in the number of employees covered by
a plan; or
(b) amends the terms of a defined benefit plan so
that a significant element of future service by
current employees will no longer qualify for
benefits, or will qualify only for reduced benefits.
IAS 19.111
date of transition
to IFRSs
The beginning of the earliest period for which an
entity presents full comparative information under
IFRSs in its first IFRS financial statements.
IFRS 1.A
deductible
temporary
differences
Temporary differences between the carrying
amount of an asset or liability in the balance sheet
and its tax base that will result in amounts that are
deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of
future periods when the carrying amount of the
asset or liability is recovered or settled.
IAS 12.5
deemed cost An amount used as a surrogate for cost or depreciated
cost at a given date. Subsequent depreciation or
amortisation assumes that the entity had initially
recognised the asset or liability at the given date and
that its cost was equal to the deemed cost.
IFRS 1.A
deferred tax assets The amounts of income taxes recoverable in future
periods in respect of:
(a) deductible temporary differences;
(b) the carryforward of unused tax losses; and
(c) the carryforward of unused tax credits.
IAS 12.5
deferred tax
liabilities
The amounts of income taxes payable in future
periods in respect of taxable temporary differences.
IAS 12.5
defined benefit
liability
The net total of the following amounts:
(a) the present value of the defined benefit
obligation at the end of the reporting period;
(b) plus any actuarial gains (less any actuarial
losses) not recognised;
(c) minus any past service cost not yet recognised;
(d) minus the fair value at the end of the reporting
period of plan assets (if any) out of which the
obligations are to be settled directly.
IAS 19.54
defined benefit
obligation
(present value of)
The present value, without deducting any plan
assets, of expected future payments required to
settle the obligation resulting from employee service
in the current and prior periods.
IAS 19.7
defined benefit
plans
Post-employment benefit plans other than defined
contribution plans.
IAS 19.7
defined benefit
plans
Retirement benefit plans under which amounts to
be paid as retirement benefits are determined by
reference to a formula usually based on employees’
earnings and/or years of service.
IAS 26.8
defined
contribution
plans
Post-employment benefit plans under which an
entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity
(a fund) and will have no legal or constructive
obligation to pay further contributions if the fund
does not hold sufficient assets to pay all employee
benefits relating to employee service in the current
and prior periods.
IAS 19.7
defined
contribution
plans
Retirement benefit plans under which amounts to
be paid as retirement benefits are determined by
contributions to a fund together with investment
earnings thereon.
IAS 26.8
demonstrably
committed
An entity is demonstrably committed to pay
termination benefits when, and only when, an entity
has a detailed formal plan for the termination and
is without realistic possibility of withdrawal.
The detailed plan shall include, as a minimum:
(a) the location, function, and approximate number
of employees whose services are to be terminated;
(b) the termination benefits for each job
classification or function; and
(c) the time at which the plan will be implemented.
Implementation shall begin as soon as possible
and the period of time to complete
implementation shall be such that material
changes to the plan are not likely.
IAS 19.134
deposit component A contractual component that is not accounted for as
a derivative under IAS 39 and would be within the
scope of IAS 39 if it were a separate instrument.
IFRS 4.A
depreciable amount The cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for
cost (in the financial statements), less its residual
value.
IAS 16.6,
(IAS 36.6,
IAS 38.8)
depreciation
(amortisation)*
The systematic allocation of the depreciable amount
of an asset over its useful life.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 36.6
derecognition (of a
financial instrument)
The removal of a previously recognised financial asset
or financial liability from an entity’s statement of
financial position.
IAS 39.9
derivative A financial instrument or other contract within the
scope of IAS 39 (see paragraphs 2–7) with all three of
the following characteristics:
(a) its value changes in response to the change in a
specified interest rate, financial instrument
price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate,
index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit
index, or other variable, provided in the case of a
non-financial variable that the variable is not
specific to a party to the contract (sometimes
called the ‘underlying’);
(b) it requires no initial net investment or an initial
net investment that is smaller than would be
required for other types of contracts that would
be expected to have a similar response to changes
in market factors; and
(c) it is settled at a future date.
IAS 39.9
derivative financial
instruments
Financial instruments such as financial options,
futures and forwards, interest rate swaps and
currency swaps, which create rights and obligations
that have the effect of transferring between the
parties to the instrument one or more of the financial
risks inherent in an underlying primary financial
instrument. On inception, derivative financial
instruments give one party a contractual right to
exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with
another party under conditions that are potentially
favourable, or a contractual obligation to exchange
financial assets or financial liabilities with another
party under conditions that are potentially
unfavourable. However, they generally do not result
in a transfer of the underlying primary financial
instrument on inception of the contract, nor does
such a transfer necessarily take place on maturity of
the contract. Some instruments embody both a right
and an obligation to make an exchange. Because the
terms of the exchange are determined on inception of
the derivative instrument, as prices in financial
markets change those terms may become either
favourable or unfavourable.
IAS 32.
AG15–AG16
development The application of research findings or other
knowledge to a plan or design for the production of
new or substantially improved materials, devices,
products, processes, systems or services before the
start of commercial production or use.
IAS 38.8
diluted earnings
per share
Profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders
of the parent entity (the numerator), divided by the
weighted average number of ordinary shares
outstanding during the period (the denominator),
both adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential
ordinary shares.
IAS 33.31
dilution A reduction in earnings per share or an increase in
loss per share resulting from the assumption that
convertible instruments are converted, that options
or warrants are exercised, or that ordinary shares are
issued upon the satisfaction of specified conditions.
IAS 33.5
dilutive potential
ordinary shares
Potential ordinary shares whose conversion to
ordinary shares would decrease earnings per share
or increase loss per share from continuing
operations.
IAS 33.41
direct insurance
contract
An insurance contract that is not a reinsurance
contract.
IFRS 4.A
direct method
of reporting
cash flows from
operating activities
A method whereby major classes of gross cash
receipts and gross cash payments are disclosed.
IAS 7.18(a)
discontinued
operation
A component of an entity that either has been
disposed of or is classified as held for sale and:
(a) represents a separate major line of business or
geographical area of operations,
(b) is part of a single co-ordinated plan to dispose of
a separate major line of business or geographical
area of operations or
(c) is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view
to resale.
IFRS 5.A
discretionary
participation
feature
A contractual right to receive, as a supplement to
guaranteed benefits, additional benefits:
(a) that are likely to be a significant portion of the
total contractual benefits;
(b) whose amount or timing is contractually at the
discretion of the issuer; and
(c) that are contractually based on:
(i) the performance of a specified pool of
contracts or a specified type of contract;
(ii) realised and/or unrealised investment
returns on a specified pool of assets held by
the issuer; or
(iii) the profit or loss of the company, fund or
other entity that issues the contract.
IFRS 4.A
disposal group A group of assets to be disposed of, by sale or
otherwise, together as a group in a single
transaction, and liabilities directly associated with
those assets that will be transferred in the
transaction. The group includes goodwill acquired
in a business combination if the group is a
cash-generating unit to which goodwill has been
allocated in accordance with the requirements of
paragraphs 80–87 of IAS 36 or if it is an operation
within such a cash-generating unit.
IFRS 5.A
dividends Distributions of profits to holders of equity
investments in proportion to their holdings of a
particular class of capital.
IAS 18.5
economic life Either:
(a) the period over which an asset is expected to be
economically usable by one or more users; or
(b) the number of production or similar units
expected to be obtained from the asset by one or
more users.
IAS 17.4
effective interest
method
A method of calculating the amortised cost of a
financial asset or a financial liability (or group of
financial assets or financial liabilities) and of
allocating the interest income or interest expense
over the relevant period.
IAS 39.9
effective interest
rate
The rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash
payments or receipts through the expected life of the
financial instrument or, when appropriate, a shorter
period to the net carrying amount of the financial
asset or financial liability. When calculating the
effective interest rate, an entity shall estimate cash
flows considering all contractual terms of the
financial instrument (for example, prepayment, call
and similar options) but shall not consider future
credit losses. The calculation includes all fees and
points paid or received between parties to the
contract that are an integral part of the effective
interest rate (see IAS 18), transaction costs, and all
other premiums or discounts. There is a presumption
that the cash flows and the expected life of a group of
similar financial instruments can be estimated
reliably. However, in those rare cases when it is not
possible to estimate reliably the cash flows or the
expected life of a financial instrument (or group of
financial instruments), the entity shall use the
contractual cash flows over the full contractual term
of the financial instrument (or group of financial
instruments).
IAS 39.9
embedded
derivative
A component of a hybrid (combined) contract that
also includes a non-derivative host contract—with the
effect that some of the cash flows of the combined
contract vary in a way similar to a stand-alone
derivative. An embedded derivative causes some or
all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required
by the contract to be modified according to a specified
interest rate, financial instrument price, commodity
price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates,
credit rating or credit index, or other variable,
provided in the case of a non-financial variable that
the variable is not specific to a party to the contract.
A derivative that is attached to a financial instrument
but is contractually transferable independently of
that instrument, or has a different counterparty from
that instrument, is not an embedded derivative, but a
separate financial instrument.
IAS 39.10
employee benefits All forms of consideration given by an entity in
exchange for service rendered by employees.
IAS 19.7
employees and
others
providing
similar services
Individuals who render personal services to the
entity and either (a) the individuals are regarded as
employees for legal or tax purposes, (b) the
individuals work for the entity under its direction in
the same way as individuals who are regarded as
employees for legal or tax purposes, or (c) the
services rendered are similar to those rendered by
employees. For example, the term encompasses all
management personnel, ie those persons having
authority and responsibility for planning, directing
and controlling the activities of the entity, including
non-executive directors.
IFRS 2.A
entity-specific value The present value of the cash flows an entity expects
to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from
its disposal at the end of its useful life or expects to
incur when settling a liability.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 38.8
equity The residual interest in the assets of the entity after
deducting all its liabilities.
F.49(c)
equity instrument A contract that evidences a residual interest in the
assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.
IAS 32.11,
IFRS 2.A
equity instrument
granted
The right (conditional or unconditional) to an equity
instrument of the entity conferred by the entity on
another party, under a share-based payment
arrangement.
IFRS 2.A
equity interests In IFRS 3 is used broadly to mean ownership interests
of investor-owned entities and owner, member or
participant interests of mutual entities.
IFRS 3.A
equity method A method of accounting whereby the investment is
initially recognised at cost and adjusted thereafter
for the post-acquisition change in the investor’s
share of net assets of the investee. The profit or loss
of the investor includes the investor’s share of the
profit or loss of the investee.
IAS 28.2
equity-settled
share-based
payment
transaction
A share-based payment transaction in which the
entity
(a) receives goods or services as consideration for
its own equity instruments (including shares
or share options), or
(b) receives goods or services but has no obligation
to settle the transaction with the supplier.
IFRS 2.A
events after the
reporting period
Those events, favourable and unfavourable, that
occur between the end of the reporting period and
the date when the financial statements are
authorised for issue. Two types of events can be
identified:
(a) those that provide evidence of conditions that
existed at the end of the reporting period
(adjusting events after the reporting period);
and
(b) those that are indicative of conditions that arose
after the reporting period (non-adjusting events
after the reporting period).
IAS 10.3
exchange difference The difference resulting from translating a given
number of units of one currency into another
currency at different exchange rates.
IAS 21.8
exchange rate The ratio of exchange for two currencies. IAS 21.8
expenses Decreases in economic benefits during the
accounting period in the form of outflows or
depletions of assets or incurrences of liabilities that
result in decreases in equity, other than those
relating to distributions to equity participants.
F.70(b)
experience
adjustments
The effects of differences between previous actuarial
assumptions and what has actually occurred.
IAS 19.7
exploration and
evaluation assets
Exploration and evaluation expenditures recognised
as assets in accordance with the entity’s accounting
policy.
IFRS 6.A
exploration and
evaluation
expenditures
Expenditures incurred by an entity in connection
with the exploration for and evaluation of mineral
resources before the technical feasibility and
commercial viability of extracting a mineral
resource are demonstrable.
IFRS 6.A
exploration for
and evaluation of
mineral resources
The search for mineral resources, including
minerals, oil, natural gas and similar
non-regenerative resources after the entity has
obtained legal rights to explore in a specific area, as
well as the determination of the technical feasibility
and commercial viability of extracting the mineral
resource.
IFRS 6.A
fair value The amount for which an asset could be exchanged,
or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing
parties in an arm’s length transaction.
IAS 2.6,
(IAS 16.6),
IAS 17.4,
IAS 18.7,
(IAS 19.7),
(IAS 20.3),
IAS 21.8,
IAS 32.11,
(IAS 38.8),
IAS 39.9,
(IAS 40.5),
IAS 41.8,
IFRS 1.A,
IFRS 3.A,
IFRS 4.A,
IFRS 5.A
fair value The amount for which an asset could be exchanged,
a liability settled, or an equity instrument granted
could be exchanged, between knowledgeable,
willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.
IFRS 2.A
fair value less
costs to sell
The amount obtainable from the sale of an asset or
cash-generating unit in an arm’s length transaction
between knowledgeable, willing parties, less the
costs of disposal.
IAS 36.6
FIFO (first-in,
first-out)
The assumption that the items of inventory that
were purchased or produced first are sold first, and
consequently the items remaining in inventory at
the end of the period are those most recently
purchased or produced.
IAS 2.27
finance lease A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and
rewards incidental to ownership of an asset.
Title may or may not eventually be transferred.
IAS 17.4
financial asset Any asset that is:
(a) cash;
(b) an equity instrument of another entity;
(c) a contractual right:
(i) to receive cash or another financial asset
from another entity; or
(ii) to exchange financial assets or financial
liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially favourable to
the entity; or
(d) a contract that will or may be settled in the
entity’s own equity instruments and is:
(i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or
may be obliged to receive a variable number
of the entity’s own equity instruments; or
(ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other
than by the exchange of a fixed amount of
cash or another financial asset for a fixed
number of the entity’s own equity
instruments. For this purpose the entity’s
own equity instruments do not include
puttable financial instruments classified as
equity instruments in accordance with
paragraphs 16A and 16B of IAS 32,
instruments that impose on the entity an
obligation to deliver to another party a pro
rata share of the net assets of the entity only
on liquidation and are classified as equity
instruments in accordance with paragraphs
16C and 16D of IAS 32, or instruments that
are themselves contracts for the future
receipt or delivery of the entity’s own equity
instruments.
IAS 32.11
financial asset or
financial liability
held for trading
A financial asset or financial liability that:
(a) is acquired or incurred principally for the
purpose of selling or repurchasing it in the
near term;
(b) on initial recognition is part of a portfolio of
identified financial instruments that are
managed together and for which there is
evidence of a recent actual pattern of
short-term profit-taking; or
(c) is a derivative (except for a derivative that is a
financial guarantee contract or a designated
and effective hedging instrument).
IAS 39.9
financial guarantee
contract
A contract that requires the issuer to make specified
payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs
because a specified debtor fails to make payment
when due in accordance with the original or
modified terms of a debt instrument.
IAS 39.9,
IFRS 4.A
financial instrument Any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one
entity and a financial liability or equity instrument
of another entity.
IAS 32.11
financial liability Any liability that is:
(a) a contractual obligation:
(i) to deliver cash or another financial asset to
another entity; or
(ii) to exchange financial assets or financial
liabilities with another entity under
conditions that are potentially unfavourable
to the entity; or
(b) a contract that will or may be settled in the
entity’s own equity instruments and is:
(i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or
may be obliged to deliver a variable number
of the entity’s own equity instruments; or
(ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other
than by the exchange of a fixed amount of
cash or another financial asset for a fixed
number of the entity’s own equity
instruments. For this purpose, rights,
options or warrants to acquire a fixed
number of the entity’s own equity
instruments for a fixed amount of any
currency are equity instruments if the entity
offers the rights, options or warrants pro
rata to all of its existing owners of the same
class of its own non-derivative equity
instruments. Also, for these purposes the
entity’s own equity instruments do not
include puttable financial instruments that
are classified as equity instruments in
accordance with paragraphs 16A and 16B of
IAS 32, instruments that impose on the
entity an obligation to deliver to another
party a pro rata share of the net assets of the
entity only on liquidation and are classified
as equity instruments in accordance with
paragraphs 16C and 16D of IAS 32, or
instruments that are contracts for the future
receipt or delivery of the entity’s own equity
instruments.
As an exception, an instrument that meets the
definition of a financial liability is classified as an
equity instrument if it has all the features and meets
the conditions in paragraphs 16A and 16B or
paragraphs 16C and 16D of IAS 32.
IAS 32.11
financial liability
at fair value through
profit or loss
A financial liability that meets either of the
following conditions.
(a) It meets the definition of held for trading.
(b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the
entity as at fair value through profit or loss. An
entity may use this designation only when
permitted by IAS 39 paragraph 11A (embedded
derivatives) or when doing so results in more
relevant information, because either
(i) it eliminates or significantly reduces a
measurement or recognition inconsistency
(sometimes referred to as ‘an accounting
mismatch’) that would otherwise arise from
measuring assets or liabilities or recognising
the gains and losses on them on different
bases; or
(ii) a group of financial liabilities or financial
assets and financial liabilities is managed and
its performance is evaluated on a fair value
basis, in accordance with a documented risk
management or investment strategy, and
information about the group is provided
internally on that basis to the entity’s key
management personnel (as defined in IAS 24).
IAS 39.9
financial position The relationship of the assets, liabilities and equity
of an entity, as reported in the balance sheet
[statement of financial position].
F.47,
IAS 1.54
financial risk The risk of a possible future change in one or more
of a specified interest rate, financial instrument
price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate,
index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index
or other variable, provided in the case of a
non-financial variable that the variable is not
specific to a party to the contract.
IFRS 4.A
financial statements A complete set of financial statements comprises:
(a) a statement of financial position as at the end of
the period;
(b) a statement of comprehensive income for the
period;
(c) a statement of changes in equity for the period;
(d) a statement of cash flows for the period;
(e) notes, comprising a summary of significant
accounting policies and other explanatory
information; and
(f) a statement of financial position as at the
beginning of the earliest comparative period
when an entity applies an accounting policy
retrospectively or makes a retrospective
restatement of items in its financial statements,
or when it reclassifies items in its financial
statements.
IAS 1.10,
(F.7)
financing activities Activities that result in changes in the size and
composition of the contributed equity and
borrowings of the entity.
IAS 7.6
firm commitment A binding agreement for the exchange of a specified
quantity of resources at a specified price on a
specified future date or dates.
IAS 39.9
firm purchase
commitment
An agreement with an unrelated party, binding on
both parties and usually legally enforceable, that
(a) specifies all significant terms, including the price
and timing of the transactions, and (b) includes a
disincentive for non-performance that is sufficiently
large to make performance highly probable.
IFRS 5.A
first IFRS financial
statements
The first annual financial statements in which an
entity adopts International Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRSs), by an explicit and unreserved
statement of compliance with IFRSs.
IFRS 1.A
first IFRS
reporting period
The latest reporting period covered by an entity’s
first IFRS financial statements.
IFRS 1.A
first-time adopter An entity that presents its first IFRS financial
statements.
IFRS 1.A
fixed price contract A construction contract in which the contractor
agrees to a fixed contract price, or a fixed rate per
unit of output, which in some cases is subject to cost
escalation clauses.
IAS 11.3
fixed production
overheads
Those indirect costs of production that remain
relatively constant regardless of the volume of
production, such as depreciation and maintenance
of factory buildings and equipment, and the cost of
factory management and administration.
IAS 2.12
forecast transaction An uncommitted but anticipated future transaction. IAS 39.9
foreign currency A currency other than the functional currency of the
entity.
IAS 21.8
foreign currency
transaction
A transaction that is denominated in or requires
settlement in a foreign currency.
IAS 21.20
foreign operation An entity that is a subsidiary, associate, joint venture
or branch of the reporting entity, the activities of
which are based or conducted in a country or
currency other than those of the reporting entity.
IAS 21.8
forgivable loans Loans which the lender undertakes to waive
repayment of under certain prescribed conditions.
IAS 20.3
functional currency The currency of the primary economic environment
in which the entity operates.
IAS 21.8
funding
(of post-employment
benefits)
Contributions by an entity, and sometimes its
employees, into an entity, or fund, that is legally
separate from the reporting entity and from which
the employee benefits are paid.
IAS 19.49
funding
(of retirement
benefits)
The transfer of assets to an entity (the fund) separate
from the employer’s entity to meet future
obligations for the payment of retirement benefits.
IAS 26.8
future economic
benefit
The potential to contribute, directly or indirectly, to
the flow of cash and cash equivalents to the entity.
The potential may be a productive one that is part of
the operating activities of the entity. It may also take
the form of convertibility into cash or cash
equivalents or a capability to reduce cash outflows,
such as when an alternative manufacturing process
lowers the costs of production.
F.53
gains Increases in economic benefits and as such no
different in nature from revenue.
F.75
general purpose
financial statements
Financial statements that are intended to meet the
needs of users who are not in a position to require an
entity to prepare reports tailored to their particular
information needs.
IAS 1.7,
F.6
going concern The financial statements are prepared on a going
concern basis unless management either intends to
liquidate the entity or to cease trading, or has no
realistic alternative but to do so.
IAS 1.25,
(F.23)
goodwill An asset representing the future economic benefits
arising from other assets acquired in a business
combination that are not individually identified and
separately recognised.
IFRS 3.A
government Government, government agencies and similar
bodies whether local, national or international.
IAS 20.3
IAS 24.9
government
assistance
Action by government designed to provide an
economic benefit specific to an entity or range of
entities qualifying under certain criteria.
IAS 20.3
government grants Assistance by government in the form of transfers of
resources to an entity in return for past or future
compliance with certain conditions relating to the
operating activities of the entity. They exclude those
forms of government assistance which cannot
reasonably have a value placed upon them and
transactions with government which cannot be
distinguished from the normal trading transactions
of the entity.
IAS 20.3
government-related
entity
An entity that is controlled, jointly controlled or
significantly influenced by a government.
IAS 24.9
grant date The date at which the entity and another party
(including an employee) agree to a share-based
payment arrangement, being when the entity and
the counterparty have a shared understanding of the
terms and conditions of the arrangement. At grant
date the entity confers on the counterparty the right
to cash, other assets, or equity instruments of the
entity, provided the specified vesting conditions, if
any, are met. If that agreement is subject to an
approval process (for example, by shareholders),
grant date is the date when that approval is
obtained.
IFRS 2.A
grants related to
assets
Government grants whose primary condition is that
an entity qualifying for them should purchase,
construct or otherwise acquire long-term assets.
Subsidiary conditions may also be attached
restricting the type or location of the assets or the
periods during which they are to be acquired or held.
IAS 20.3
grants related to
income
Government grants other than those related to
assets.
IAS 20.3
gross investment
in the lease
The aggregate of:
(a) the minimum lease payments receivable by the
lessor under a finance lease, and
(b) any unguaranteed residual value accruing to the
lessor.
IAS 17.4
group A parent and all its subsidiaries. IAS 21.8,
IAS 27.4
group
administration
(employee benefit)
plans
An aggregation of single employer plans combined
to allow participating employers to pool their assets
for investment purposes and reduce investment
management and administration costs, but the
claims of different employers are segregated for the
sole benefit of their own employees.
IAS 19.33
group of biological
assets
An aggregation of similar living animals or plants. IAS 41.5
guaranteed benefits Payments or other benefits to which a particular
policyholder or investor has an unconditional right
that is not subject to the contractual discretion of
the issuer.
IFRS 4.A
guaranteed element An obligation to pay guaranteed benefits, included
in a contract that contains a discretionary
participation feature.
IFRS 4.A
guaranteed
residual value
(a) For a lessee, that part of the residual value that
is guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related
to the lessee (the amount of the guarantee being
the maximum amount that could, in any event,
become payable); and
(b) for a lessor, that part of the residual value that is
guaranteed by the lessee or by a third party
unrelated to the lessor that is financially
capable of discharging the obligations under the
guarantee.
IAS 17.4
harvest The detachment of produce from a biological asset
or the cessation of a biological asset’s life processes.
IAS 41.5
hedge effectiveness The degree to which changes in the fair value or cash
flows of the hedged item that are attributable to a
hedged risk are offset by changes in the fair value or
cash flows of the hedging instrument (see IAS 39
paragraphs AG105–AG113).
IAS 39.9
hedged item An asset, liability, firm commitment, highly
probable forecast transaction or net investment in
a foreign operation that (a) exposes the entity to
risk of changes in fair value or future cash flows
and (b) is designated as being hedged (IAS 39
paragraphs 78–84 and AG98–AG101 elaborate on
the definition of hedged items).
IAS 39.9
hedging instrument A designated derivative or (for a hedge of the risk of
changes in foreign currency exchange rates only) a
designated non-derivative financial asset or
non-derivative financial liability whose fair value or
cash flows are expected to offset changes in the fair
value or cash flows of a designated hedged item
(IAS 39 paragraphs 72–77 and AG94–AG97 elaborate
on the definition of a hedging instrument).
IAS 39.9
held for trading See ‘financial asset or financial liability held for
trading.
IAS 39.9
highly probable Significantly more likely than probable. IFRS 5.A
hire purchase
contract
The definition of a lease includes contracts for the
hire of an asset that contain a provision giving the
hirer an option to acquire title to the asset upon the
fulfilment of agreed conditions. These contracts are
sometimes known as hire purchase contracts.
IAS 17.6
historical cost A measurement basis according to which assets are
recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents
paid or the fair value of the consideration given to
acquire them at the time of their acquisition.
Liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds
received in exchange for the obligation, or in some
circumstances (for example, income taxes), at the
amounts of cash or cash equivalents expected to be
paid to satisfy the liability in the normal course of
business.
F.100(a)
hyperinflation Loss of purchasing power of money at such a rate
that comparison of amounts from transactions and
other events that have occurred at different times,
even within the same accounting period, is
misleading.
Hyperinflation is indicated by characteristics of the
economic environment of a country which include,
but are not limited to, the following:
(a) the general population prefers to keep its wealth
in non-monetary assets or in a relatively stable
foreign currency. Amounts of local currency
held are immediately invested to maintain
purchasing power.
(b) the general population regards monetary
amounts not in terms of the local currency but
in terms of a relatively stable foreign currency.
Prices may be quoted in that currency.
(c) sales and purchases on credit take place at prices
that compensate for the expected loss of
purchasing power during the credit period, even
if the period is short.
(d) interest rates, wages and prices are linked to a
price index.
(e) the cumulative inflation rate over three years is
approaching, or exceeds, 100%.
IAS 29.2–3
identifiable An asset is identifiable if it either:
(a) is separable, ie capable of being separated or
divided from the entity and sold, transferred,
licensed, rented or exchanged, either
individually or together with a related
contract, identifiable asset or liability,
regardless of whether the entity intends to do
so; or
(a) arises from contractual or other legal rights,
regardless of whether those rights are
transferable or separable from the entity or
from other rights and obligations.
IFRS 3.A
impairment loss The amount by which the carrying amount of an
asset exceeds its recoverable amount.
IAS 16.6,
(IAS 36.6),
IAS 38.8
impracticable Applying a requirement is impracticable when the
entity cannot apply it after making every reasonable
effort to do so.
IAS 1.7,
(IAS 8.5)
imputed rate
of interest
The more clearly determinable of either:
(a) the prevailing rate for a similar instrument of
an issuer with a similar credit rating; or
(b) a rate of interest that discounts the nominal
amount of the instrument to the current cash
sales price of the goods or services.
IAS 18.11
inception of a lease The earlier of the date of the lease agreement and
the date of commitment by the parties to the
principal provisions of the lease.
IAS 17.4
income Increases in economic benefits during the
accounting period in the form of inflows or
enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities
that result in increases in equity, other than those
relating to contributions from equity participants.
F.70(a)
incremental
borrowing rate of
interest (lessee’s)
The rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a
similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate
that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would
incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a
similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the
asset.
IAS 17.4
indirect method
of reporting
cash flows from
operating activities
A method whereby profit or loss is adjusted for the
effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any
deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash
receipts or payments, and items of income or
expense associated with investing or financing cash
flows.
IAS 7.18(b)
initial direct costs Incremental costs that are directly attributable to
negotiating and arranging a lease, except for such
costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors.
IAS 17.4
insurance asset An insurer’s net contractual rights under an
insurance contract.
IFRS 4.A
insurance contract A contract under which one party (the insurer)
accepts significant insurance risk from another
party (the policyholder) by agreeing to compensate
the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event
(the insured event) adversely affects the
policyholder. (See IFRS 4 Appendix B for guidance
on this definition.)
IFRS 4.A
insurance liability An insurer’s net contractual obligations under an
insurance contract.
IFRS 4.A
insurance risk Risk, other than financial risk, transferred from the
holder of a contract to the issuer.
IFRS 4.A
insured event An uncertain future event that is covered by an
insurance contract and creates insurance risk.
IFRS 4.A
insurer The party that has an obligation under an insurance
contract to compensate a policyholder if an insured
event occurs.
IFRS 4.A
intangible asset An identifiable non-monetary asset without physical
substance.
IAS 38.8,
IFRS 3.A
interest cost
(for an employee
benefit plan)
The increase during a period in the present value of
a defined benefit obligation which arises because the
benefits are one period closer to settlement.
IAS 19.7
interest rate
implicit in the lease
The discount rate that, at the inception of the lease,
causes the aggregate present value of (a) the
minimum lease payments and (b) the unguaranteed
residual value to be equal to the sum of (i) the fair
value of the leased asset and (ii) any initial direct
costs of the lessor.
IAS 17.4
interest rate risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a
financial instrument will fluctuate because of
changes in market interest rates.
IFRS 7.A
interim
financial report
A financial report containing either a complete set
of financial statements (as described in IAS 1) or a set
of condensed financial statements (as described in
IAS 34) for an interim period.
IAS 34.4
interim period A financial reporting period shorter than a full
financial year.
IAS 34.4
International
Financial Reporting
Standards (IFRSs)
Standards and Interpretations adopted by the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
They comprise:
(a) International Financial Reporting Standards;
(b) International Accounting Standards; and
(c) Interpretations developed by the International
Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee
(IFRIC) or the former Standing Interpretations
Committee (SIC).
IAS 1.7,
IAS 8.5,
IFRS 1.A
intrinsic value The difference between the fair value of the shares to
which the counterparty has the (conditional or
unconditional) right to subscribe or which it has the
right to receive, and the price (if any) the
counterparty is (or will be) required to pay for those
shares. For example, a share option with an exercise
price of CU15,* on a share with a fair value of CU20,
has an intrinsic value of CU5.
IFRS 2.A
inventories Assets:
(a) held for sale in the ordinary course of business;
(b) in the process of production for such sale; or
(c) in the form of materials or supplies to be
consumed in the production process or in the
rendering of services.
Inventories encompass goods purchased and held for
resale including, for example, merchandise
purchased by a retailer and held for resale, or land
and other property held for resale. Inventories also
encompass finished goods produced, or work in
progress being produced, by the entity and include
materials and supplies awaiting use in the production
process. In the case of a service provider, inventories
include the costs of the service, as described in IAS 2
paragraph 19, for which the entity has not yet
recognised the related revenue (see IAS 18).
IAS 2.6,
IAS 2.8
investing activities The acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and
other investments not included in cash equivalents.
IAS 7.6
investment property Property (land or a building—or part of a building—or
both) held (by the owner or by the lessee under a
finance lease) to earn rentals or for capital
appreciation or both, rather than for:
(a) use in the production or supply of goods or
services or for administrative purposes; or
(b) sale in the ordinary course of business.
IAS 40.5
investor in a
joint venture
A party to a joint venture that does not have joint
control over that joint venture.
IAS 31.3
joint control The contractually agreed sharing of control over an
economic activity.
IAS 24.9
joint control The contractually agreed sharing of control over an
economic activity; it exists only when the strategic
financial and operating decisions relating to the
activity require the unanimous consent of the
parties sharing control (the venturers).
IAS 28.2,
IAS 31.3
joint venture A contractual arrangement whereby two or more
parties undertake an economic activity that is
subject to joint control.
IAS 31.3,
IFRS 3.A
jointly controlled
entity
A joint venture that involves the establishment of a
corporation, partnership or other entity in which
each venturer has an interest. The entity operates in
the same way as other entities, except that a
contractual arrangement between the venturers
establishes joint control over the economic activity
of the entity.
IAS 31.24
key management
personnel
Those persons having authority and responsibility
for planning, directing and controlling the activities
of the entity, directly or indirectly, including any
director (whether executive or otherwise) of that
entity.
IAS 24.9
lease An agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the
lessee in return for a payment or series of payments
the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time.
IAS 17.4
lease term The non-cancellable period for which the lessee has
contracted to lease the asset together with any
further terms for which the lessee has the option to
continue to lease the asset, with or without further
payment, when at the inception of the lease it is
reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise the
option.
IAS 17.4
legal obligation An obligation that derives from:
(a) a contract (through its explicit or implicit
terms);
(b) legislation; or
(c) other operation of law.
IAS 37.10
lessee’s incremental
borrowing rate of
interest
The rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a
similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate
that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would
incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a
similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the
asset.
IAS 17.4
liability A present obligation of the entity arising from past
events, the settlement of which is expected to result
in an outflow from the entity of resources
embodying economic benefits.
IAS 37.10,
F.49(b)
liability adequacy
test
An assessment of whether the carrying amount of an
insurance liability needs to be increased (or the
carrying amount of related deferred acquisition
costs or related intangible assets decreased), based
on a review of future cash flows.
IFRS 4.A
liquidity The availability of cash in the near future after
taking account of financial commitments over this
period.
F.16
liquidity risk The risk that an entity will encounter difficulty in
meeting obligations associated with financial
liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or
another financial asset.
IFRS 7.A
loans payable Financial liabilities other than short-term trade
payables on normal credit terms.
IFRS 7.A
losses Decreases in economic benefits and as such no
different in nature from other expenses.
F.79
market condition A condition upon which the exercise price, vesting
or exercisability of an equity instrument depends
that is related to the market price of the entity’s
equity instruments, such as attaining a specified
share price or a specified amount of intrinsic value
of a share option, or achieving a specified target that
is based on the market price of the entity’s equity
instruments relative to an index of market prices of
equity instruments of other entities.
IFRS 2.A
market risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a
financial instrument will fluctuate because of
changes in market prices. Market risk comprises
three types of risk: currency risk, interest rate risk
and other price risk.
IFRS 7.A
master netting
arrangement
An arrangement providing for an entity that
undertakes a number of financial instrument
transactions with a single counterparty to make a
single net settlement of all financial instruments
covered by the agreement in the event of default on,
or termination of, any one contract.
IAS 32.50
matching of costs
with revenues
A process in which expenses are recognised in the
income statement [statement of comprehensive
income] on the basis of a direct association between
the costs incurred and the earning of specific items
of income. This process involves the simultaneous or
combined recognition of revenues and expenses that
result directly and jointly from the same
transactions or other events. However, the
application of the matching concept does not allow
the recognition of items in the balance sheet
[statement of financial position] which do not meet
the definition of assets or liabilities.
F.95
material Omissions or misstatements of items are material if
they could, individually or collectively, influence the
economic decisions that users make on the basis of
the financial statements. Materiality depends on
the size and nature of the omission or misstatement
judged in the surrounding circumstances. The size
or nature of the item, or a combination of both,
could be the determining factor.
IAS 1.7,
IAS 8.5
materiality Information is material if its omission or
misstatement could influence the economic
decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial
statements.
F.30
measurement The process of determining the monetary amounts
at which the elements of the financial statements
are to be recognised and carried in the balance sheet
[statement of financial position] and income
statement [statement of comprehensive income].
F.99
measurement date The date at which the fair value of the equity
instruments granted is measured for the purposes of
IFRS 2. For transactions with employees and others
providing similar services, the measurement date is
grant date. For transactions with parties other than
employees (and those providing similar services), the
measurement date is the date the entity obtains the
goods or the counterparty renders service.
IFRS 2.A
minimum lease
payments
The payments over the lease term that the lessee is or
can be required to make, excluding contingent rent,
costs for services and taxes to be paid by and
reimbursed to the lessor, together with:
(a) for a lessee, any amounts guaranteed by the
lessee or by a party related to the lessee; or
(b) for a lessor, any residual value guaranteed to the
lessor by:
(i) the lessee;
(ii) a party related to the lessee; or
(iii) a third party unrelated to the lessor that is
financially capable of discharging the
obligations under the guarantee.
IAS 17.4
minority interest See ‘non-controlling interest’
monetary assets Money held and assets to be received in fixed or
determinable amounts of money.
IAS 38.8
monetary items Units of currency held and assets and liabilities to be
received or paid in a fixed or determinable number
of units of currency.
IAS 21.8
monetary items Money held and items to be received or paid in
money.
IAS 29.12
multi-employer
(benefit) plans
Defined contribution plans (other than state plans)
or defined benefit plans (other than state plans) that:
(a) pool the assets contributed by various entities
that are not under common control; and
(b) use those assets to provide benefits to employees
of more than one entity, on the basis that
contribution and benefit levels are determined
without regard to the identity of the entity that
employs the employees concerned.
IAS 19.7
mutual entity An entity, other than an investor-owned entity, that
provides dividends, lower costs or other economic
benefits directly to its owners, members or
participants. For example, a mutual insurance
company, a credit union and a co-operative entity
are all mutual entities.
IFRS 3.A
net assets available
for benefits
The assets of a plan less liabilities other than the
actuarial present value of promised retirement
benefits.
IAS 26.8
net investment in a
foreign operation
The amount of the reporting entity’s interest in the
net assets of that operation.
IAS 21.8
net investment in
the lease
The gross investment in the lease discounted at the
interest rate implicit in the lease.
IAS 17.4
net realisable value The estimated selling price in the ordinary course of
business less the estimated costs of completion and
the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
Net realisable value refers to the net amount that an
entity expects to realise from the sale of inventory in
the ordinary course of business. Fair value reflects
the amount for which the same inventory could be
exchanged between knowledgeable and willing
buyers and sellers in the marketplace. The former
is an entity-specific value; the latter is not.
Net realisable value for inventories may not equal
fair value less costs to sell.
IAS 2.6–7
neutrality Freedom from bias of the information contained in
financial statements.
F.36
non-adjusting
events after the
reporting period
See ‘events after the reporting period’
non-cancellable lease A lease that is cancellable only:
(a) upon the occurrence of some remote
contingency;
(b) with the permission of the lessor;
(c) if the lessee enters into a new lease for the same
or an equivalent asset with the same lessor; or
(d) upon payment by the lessee of such an
additional amount that, at inception of the
lease, continuation of the lease is reasonably
certain.
IAS 17.4
non-controlling
interest
The equity in a subsidiary not attributable, directly
or indirectly, to a parent.
IAS 27.4,
IFRS 3.A
non-current asset An asset that does not meet the definition of a
current asset.
IFRS 5.A
normal capacity of
production facilities
The production expected to be achieved on average
over a number of periods or seasons under normal
circumstances, taking into account the loss of
capacity resulting from planned maintenance.
IAS 2.13
notes Notes contain information in addition to that
presented in the statement of financial position,
statement of comprehensive income, separate
income statement (if presented), statement of
changes in equity and statement of cash flows. Notes
provide narrative descriptions or disaggregations of
items presented in those statements and information
about items that do not qualify for recognition in
those statements.
IAS 1.7
obligating event An event that creates a legal or constructive
obligation that results in an entity having no realistic
alternative to settling that obligation.
IAS 37.10
obligation A duty or responsibility to act or perform in a certain
way. Obligations may be legally enforceable as a
consequence of a binding contract or statutory
requirement. Obligations also arise, however, from
normal business practice, custom and a desire to
maintain good business relations or act in an
equitable manner.
F.60
offsetting See ‘set-off, legal right of’
onerous contract A contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting
the obligations under the contract exceed the
economic benefits expected to be received under it.
IAS 37.10
opening IFRS
statement of
financial position
An entity’s statement of financial position at the date
of transition to IFRSs.
IFRS 1.A
operating activities The principal revenue-producing activities of an
entity and other activities that are not investing or
financing activities.
IAS 7.6,
IAS 14.8
operating cycle The time between the acquisition of assets for
processing and their realisation in cash or cash
equivalents.
IAS 1.68
operating lease A lease other than a finance lease. IAS 17.4
operating segment An operating segment is a component of an entity:
(a) that engages in business activities from which it
may earn revenues and incur expenses (including
revenues and expenses relating to transactions
with other components of the same entity),
(b) whose operating results are regularly reviewed by
the entity’s chief operating decision maker to
make decisions about resources to be allocated to
the segment and assess its performance, and
(c) for which discrete financial information is
available.
IFRS 8.A
options, warrants
and their
equivalents
Financial instruments that give the holder the right
to purchase ordinary shares.
IAS 33.5
ordinary equity
holders
Holders of ordinary shares. IAS 33.5–9
ordinary share An equity instrument that is subordinate to all other
classes of equity instruments.
IAS 33.5
originated loans
and receivables
See ‘loans and receivables’
other
comprehensive
income
Items of income and expense (including
reclassification adjustments) that are not recognised
in profit or loss as required or permitted by other
IFRSs.
IAS 1.7
other long-term
employee benefits
Employee benefits (other than post-employment
benefits and termination benefits) that are not due
to be settled within twelve months after the end of
the period in which the employees render the
related service.
IAS 19.7
other price risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a
financial instrument will fluctuate because of
changes in market prices (other than those arising
from interest rate risk or currency risk), whether
those changes are caused by factors specific to the
individual financial instrument or its issuer, or
factors affecting all similar financial instruments
traded in the market.
IFRS 7.A
owner-occupied
property
Property held (by the owner or by the lessee under a
finance lease) for use in the production or supply of
goods or services or for administrative purposes.
IAS 40.5
owners Holders of instruments classified as equity. IAS 1.7
owners In IFRS 3 owners is used broadly to include holders of
equity interests of investor-owned entities and
owners or members of, or participants in, mutual
entities.
IFRS 3.A
parent An entity that has one or more subsidiaries. IAS 27.4,
IFRS 3.A
participants The members of a retirement benefit plan and others
who are entitled to benefits under the plan.
IAS 26.8
past due A financial asset is past due when a counterparty has
failed to make a payment when contractually due.
IFRS 7.A
past service cost The change in the present value of the defined
benefit obligation for employee service in prior
periods, resulting in the current period from the
introduction of, or changes to, post-employment
benefits or other long-term employee benefits. Past
service cost may be either positive (when benefits are
introduced or changed so that the present value of
the defined benefit obligation increases) or negative
(when existing benefits are changed so that the
present value of the defined benefit obligation
decreases).
IAS 19.7
percentage of
completion method
The recognition of revenue and expenses by
reference to the stage of completion of a contract.
Under this method contract revenue is matched
with the contract costs incurred in reaching the
stage of completion, resulting in the reporting of
revenue, expenses and profit which can be
attributed to the proportion of work completed.
IAS 11.25
performance The relationship of the income and expenses of an
entity, as reported in the income statement
[statement of comprehensive income].
F.47
plan assets (of an
employee benefit
plan)
(a) Assets held by a long-term employee benefit
fund; and
(b) qualifying insurance policies.
IAS 19.7
policyholder A party that has a right to compensation under an
insurance contract if an insured event occurs.
IFRS 4.A
post-employment
benefits
Employee benefits (other than termination benefits)
which are payable after the completion of
employment.
IAS 19.7
post-employment
benefit plans
Formal or informal arrangements under which an
entity provides post-employment benefits for one or
more employees.
IAS 19.7
potential
ordinary share
A financial instrument or other contract that may
entitle its holder to ordinary shares.
IAS 33.5
presentation
currency
The currency in which the financial statements are
presented.
IAS 21.8
present value A current estimate of the present discounted value
of the future net cash flows in the normal course of
business.
F.100(d)
present value of a
defined benefit
obligation
See ‘defined benefit obligation (present value of)’ IAS 19.7
previous GAAP The basis of accounting that a first-time adopter
used immediately before adopting IFRSs.
IFRS 1.A
primary financial
instruments
Financial instruments, such as receivables, payables
and equity securities, that are not derivative
financial instruments.
IAS 32.AG15
prior period errors Omissions from, and misstatements in, the entity’s
financial statements for one or more prior periods
arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable
information that:
(a) was available when financial statements for
those periods were authorised for issue; and
(b) could reasonably be expected to have been
obtained and taken into account in the
preparation and presentation of those financial
statements.
Such errors include the effects of mathematical
mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies,
oversights or misinterpretations of facts, and fraud.
IAS 8.5
probable More likely than not. IFRS 5.A,
(IAS 37.23)
profit The residual amount that remains after expenses
(including capital maintenance adjustments, where
appropriate) have been deducted from income. Any
amount over and above that required to maintain
the capital at the beginning of the period is profit.
F.105, F.107
profit or loss The total of income less expenses, excluding the
components of other comprehensive income.
IAS 1.7
projected unit credit
method
An actuarial valuation method that sees each period
of service as giving rise to an additional unit of
benefit entitlement and measures each unit
separately to build up the final obligation
(sometimes known as the accrued benefit method
pro-rated on service or as the benefit/years of service
method).
IAS 19.64–66
property, plant and
equipment
Tangible items that:
(a) are held for use in the production or supply of
goods or services, for rental to others, or for
administrative purposes; and
(b) are expected to be used during more than one
period.
IAS 16.6
proportionate
consolidation
A method of accounting and reporting whereby a
venturer’s share of each of the assets, liabilities,
income and expenses of a jointly controlled entity is
combined line by line with similar items in the
venturer’s financial statements or reported as
separate line items in the venturer’s financial
statements.
IAS 31.3
prospective
application
Prospective application of a change in accounting
policy and of recognising the effect of a change in an
accounting estimate, respectively, are:
(a) applying the new accounting policy to
transactions, other events and conditions
occurring after the date as at which the policy is
changed; and
(b) recognising the effect of the change in the
accounting estimate in the current and future
periods affected by the change.
IAS 8.5
provision A liability of uncertain timing or amount. IAS 37.10
prudence The inclusion of a degree of caution in the exercise
of the judgements needed in making the estimates
required under conditions of uncertainty, such that
assets or income are not overstated and liabilities or
expenses are not understated.
F.37
put options
(on ordinary shares)
Contracts that give the holder the right to sell
ordinary shares at a specified price for a given
period.
IAS 33.5
puttable instrument A financial instrument that gives the holder the
right to put the instrument back to the issuer for
cash or another financial asset or is automatically
put back to the issuer on the occurrence of an
uncertain future event or the death or retirement of
the instrument holder.
IAS 32.11
qualifying asset An asset that necessarily takes a substantial period
of time to get ready for its intended use or sale.
IAS 23.5
qualifying insurance
policy
An insurance policy issued by an insurer that is not
a related party (as defined in IAS 24) of the reporting
entity, if the proceeds of the policy:
(a) can be used only to pay or fund employee
benefits under a defined benefit plan;
(b) are not available to the reporting entity’s own
creditors (even in bankruptcy) and cannot be
paid to the reporting entity, unless either:
(i) the proceeds represent surplus assets that
are not needed for the policy to meet all the
related employee benefit obligations; or
(ii) the proceeds are returned to the reporting
entity to reimburse it for employee benefits
already paid.
IAS 19.7
realisable value The amount of cash or cash equivalents that could
currently be obtained by selling an asset in an
orderly disposal.
F.100(c)
reclassification
adjustments
Amounts reclassified to profit or loss in the current
period that were recognised in other comprehensive
income in the current or previous periods.
IAS 1.7
reclassification date The first day of the first reporting period following
the change in business model that results in an
entity reclassifying financial assets.
IFRS 9.A
recognition The process of incorporating in the balance sheet
[statement of financial position] or income
statement [statement of comprehensive income] an
item that meets the definition of an element and
satisfies the following criteria for recognition:
(a) it is probable that any future economic benefit
associated with the item will flow to or from the
entity; and
(b) the item has a cost or value that can be
measured with reliability.
F.82–83
recoverable amount The higher of an asset’s (or cash-generating unit’s)
fair value less costs to sell and its value in use.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 36.6,
IFRS 5.A
regular way
purchase or sale
A purchase or sale of a financial asset under a
contract whose terms require delivery of the asset
within the time frame established generally by
regulation or convention in the marketplace
concerned.
IAS 39.9
reinsurance assets A cedant’s net contractual rights under a
reinsurance contract.
IFRS 4.A
reinsurance contract An insurance contract issued by one insurer (the
reinsurer) to compensate another insurer (the
cedant) for losses on one or more contracts issued by
the cedant.
IFRS 4.A
reinsurer The party that has an obligation under a reinsurance
contract to compensate a cedant if an insured event
occurs.
IFRS 4.A
related party A person or entity that is related to the entity that is
preparing its financial statements (in IAS 24 referred
to as the ‘reporting entity’).
(a) A person or a close member of that person’s
family is related to a reporting entity if that
person:
(i) has control or joint control over the
reporting entity;
(ii) has significant influence over the
reporting entity; or
(iii) is a member of the key management
personnel of the reporting entity or of a
parent of the reporting entity.
(b) An entity is related to a reporting entity if any
of the following conditions applies:
(i) The entity and the reporting entity are
members of the same group (which
means that each parent, subsidiary and
fellow subsidiary is related to the others).
(ii) One entity is an associate or joint
venture of the other entity (or an
associate or joint venture of a member of
a group of which the other entity is a
member).
(iii) Both entities are joint ventures of the
same third party.
(iv) One entity is a joint venture of a third
entity and the other entity is an associate
of the third entity.
(v) The entity is a post-employment benefit
plan for the benefit of employees of
either the reporting entity or an entity
related to the reporting entity. If the
reporting entity is itself such a plan, the
sponsoring employers are also related to
the reporting entity.
(vi) The entity is controlled or jointly
controlled by a person identified in (a).
(vii) A person identified in (a)(i) has
significant influence over the entity or is
a member of the key management
personnel of the entity (or of a parent of
the entity). IAS 24.9
related party
transaction
A transfer of resources, services or obligations
between a reporting entity and a related party,
regardless of whether a price is charged.
IAS 24.9
relevance Information has the quality of relevance when it
influences the economic decisions of users by
helping them evaluate past, present or future events
or confirming, or correcting, their past evaluations.
F.26
reliability Information has the quality of reliability when it is
free from material error and bias and can be
depended upon by users to represent faithfully that
which it either purports to represent or could
reasonably be expected to represent.
F.31
reload feature A feature that provides for an automatic grant of
additional share options whenever the option holder
exercises previously granted options using the
entity’s shares, rather than cash, to satisfy the
exercise price.
IFRS 2.A
reload option A new share option granted when a share is used to
satisfy the exercise price of a previous share option.
IFRS 2.A
reportable segment An operating segment for which IFRS 8 requires
information to be disclosed.
IFRS 8.11
reporting entity An entity for which there are users who rely on the
financial statements as their major source of
financial information about the entity.
F.8
research Original and planned investigation undertaken with
the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical
knowledge and understanding.
IAS 38.8
residual value
(of an asset)
The estimated amount that an entity would
currently obtain from disposal of an asset, after
deducting the estimated costs of disposal, if the asset
were already of the age and in the condition
expected at the end of its useful life.
IAS 16.6,
(IAS 38.8)
restructuring A programme that is planned and controlled by
management, and materially changes either:
(a) the scope of a business undertaken by an entity; or
(b) the manner in which that business is conducted.
IAS 37.10
retirement
benefit plans
Arrangements whereby an entity provides benefits
for its employees on or after termination of service
(either in the form of an annual income or as a lump
sum) when such benefits, or the employer’s
contributions towards them, can be determined or
estimated in advance of retirement from the
provisions of a document or from the entity’s
practices. (See also ‘post-employment benefit plans’.)
IAS 26.8
retrospective
application
Applying a new accounting policy to transactions,
other events and conditions as if that policy had
always been applied.
IAS 8.5
retrospective
restatement
Correcting the recognition, measurement and
disclosure of amounts of elements of financial
statements as if a prior period error had never
occurred.
IAS 8.5
return on plan assets
(of an employee
benefit plan)
Interest, dividends and other revenue derived from
the plan assets, together with realised and
unrealised gains or losses on the plan assets, less any
costs of administering the plan (other than those
included in the actuarial assumptions used to
measure the defined benefit obligation) and less any
tax payable by the plan itself.
IAS 19.7
revaluation Restatement of assets and liabilities. F.81
revalued amount of
an asset
The fair value of an asset at the date of a revaluation
less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and
subsequent accumulated impairment losses.
IAS 16.31
revenue The gross inflow of economic benefits during the
period arising in the course of the ordinary activities
of an entity when those inflows result in increases in
equity, other than increases relating to
contributions from equity participants.
IAS 18.7
reverse acquisition An acquisition where the acquirer is the entity
whose equity interests have been acquired and the
issuing entity is the acquiree. This might be the case
when, for example, a private entity arranges to have
itself ‘acquired’ by a smaller public entity as a means
of obtaining a stock exchange listing.
IFRS 3.21
rewards associated
with a leased asset
Rewards may be represented by the expectation of
profitable operation over the asset’s economic life
and of gain from appreciation in value or realisation
of a residual value.
IAS 17.7
risks associated
with a leased asset
Risks include possibilities of losses from idle
capacity or technological obsolescence and of
variations in return because of changing economic
conditions.
IAS 17.7
sale and leaseback
transaction
The sale of an asset and the leasing back of the same
asset. The lease payment and the sale price are
usually interdependent because they are negotiated
as a package.
IAS 17.58
separate
financial statements
Those presented by a parent, an investor in an
associate or a venturer in a jointly controlled entity,
in which the investments are accounted for on the
basis of the direct equity interest rather than on the
basis of the reported results and net assets of the
investees.
IAS 27.4,
IAS 28.2,
IAS 31.3
set-off, legal right of A debtor’s legal right, by contract or otherwise, to
settle or otherwise eliminate all or a portion of an
amount due to a creditor by applying against that
amount an amount due from the creditor.
IAS 32.45
settlement
(of employee
benefit
obligations)
A transaction that eliminates all further legal or
constructive obligation for part or all of the benefits
provided under a defined benefit plan, for example,
when a lump-sum cash payment is made to, or on
behalf of, plan participants in exchange for their
rights to receive specified post-employment benefits.
IAS 19.112
settlement date The date that a financial asset is delivered to or by an
entity.
IAS 39.AG56
settlement value The undiscounted amounts of cash or cash
equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the
liabilities in the normal course of business.
F.100(c)
share-based
payment
arrangement
An agreement between the entity (or another group*
entity or any shareholder of the group entity) and
another party (including an employee) that entitles
the other party to receive
(a) cash or other assets of the entity for amounts
that are based on the price (or value) of equity
instruments (including shares or share
options) of the entity or another group entity,
or
(b) equity instruments (including shares or share
options) of the entity or another group entity,
provided the specified vesting conditions, if any, are
met.
IFRS 2.A
*
share-based
payment
transaction
A transaction in which the entity
(a) receives goods or services from the supplier of
those goods or services (including an
employee) in a share-based payment
arrangement, or
(b) incurs an obligation to settle the transaction
with the supplier in a share-based payment
arrangement when another group entity
receives those goods or services.
IFRS 2.A
share option A contract that gives the holder the right, but not the
obligation, to subscribe to the entity’s shares at a
fixed or determinable price for a specific period of
time.
IFRS 2.A
short seller An entity that sells financial assets that it has
borrowed and does not yet own.
IAS 39.AG15
short-term
employee benefits
Employee benefits (other than termination benefits)
that are due to be settled within twelve months after
the end of the period in which the employees render
the related service.
IAS 19.7
significant influence The power to participate in the financial and
operating policy decisions of an entity, but not
control over those policies. Significant influence
may be gained by share ownership, statute or
agreement.
IAS 24.9,
(IAS 28.2),
(IAS 31.3)
solvency The availability of cash over the longer term to meet
financial commitments as they fall due.
F.16
spot exchange rate The exchange rate for immediate delivery. IAS 21.8
state (employee
benefit) plan
Employee benefit plans established by legislation to
cover all entities (or all entities in a particular
category, for example a specific industry) and
operated by national or local government or by
another body (for example an autonomous agency
created specifically for this purpose) which is not
subject to control or influence by the reporting
entity.
IAS 19.37
subsidiary An entity, including an unincorporated entity such
as a partnership, that is controlled by another entity
(known as the parent).
IFRS 3.A,
IAS 27.4,
IAS 28.2
substance over form The principle that transactions and other events are
accounted for and presented in accordance with
their substance and economic reality and not merely
their legal form.
F.35,
(IAS 8.7–10)
share-based
payment
transaction
A transaction in which the entity
(a) receives goods or services from the supplier of
those goods or services (including an
employee) in a share-based payment
arrangement, or
(b) incurs an obligation to settle the transaction
with the supplier in a share-based payment
arrangement when another group entity
receives those goods or services.
IFRS 2.A
share option A contract that gives the holder the right, but not the
obligation, to subscribe to the entity’s shares at a
fixed or determinable price for a specific period of
time.
IFRS 2.A
short seller An entity that sells financial assets that it has
borrowed and does not yet own.
IAS 39.AG15
short-term
employee benefits
Employee benefits (other than termination benefits)
that are due to be settled within twelve months after
the end of the period in which the employees render
the related service.
IAS 19.7
significant influence The power to participate in the financial and
operating policy decisions of an entity, but not
control over those policies. Significant influence
may be gained by share ownership, statute or
agreement.
IAS 24.9,
(IAS 28.2),
(IAS 31.3)
solvency The availability of cash over the longer term to meet
financial commitments as they fall due.
F.16
spot exchange rate The exchange rate for immediate delivery. IAS 21.8
state (employee
benefit) plan
Employee benefit plans established by legislation to
cover all entities (or all entities in a particular
category, for example a specific industry) and
operated by national or local government or by
another body (for example an autonomous agency
created specifically for this purpose) which is not
subject to control or influence by the reporting
entity.
IAS 19.37
subsidiary An entity, including an unincorporated entity such
as a partnership, that is controlled by another entity
(known as the parent).
IFRS 3.A,
IAS 27.4,
IAS 28.2
substance over form The principle that transactions and other events are
accounted for and presented in accordance with
their substance and economic reality and not merely
their legal form.
F.35,
(IAS 8.7–10)
transitional liability
(defined benefit
plans)
For an entity on first adopting IAS 19:
(a) the present value of the obligation at the date of
adoption;
(b) minus the fair value, at the date of adoption, of
plan assets (if any) out of which the obligations
are to be settled directly;
(c) minus any past service cost that shall be
recognised in later periods.
IAS 19.154
treasury shares An entity’s own equity instruments, held by the
entity or other members of the consolidated group.
IAS 32.33
unbundle Account for the components of a contract as if they
were separate contracts.
IFRS 4.A
understandability Information provided in financial statements has
the quality of understandability when it is
comprehensible to users who have a reasonable
knowledge of business and economic activities and
accounting and a willingness to study the
information with reasonable diligence.
F.25
unearned finance
income
The difference between:
(a) the gross investment in the lease, and
(b) the net investment in the lease.
IAS 17.4
unguaranteed
residual value
That portion of the residual value of the leased asset,
the realisation of which by the lessor is not assured
or is guaranteed solely by a party related to the
lessor.
IAS 17.4
useful life The estimated remaining period, from the
commencement of the lease term, without
limitation by the lease term, over which the
economic benefits embodied in the asset are
expected to be consumed by the entity.
IAS 17.4
useful life Either:
(a) the period over which an asset is expected to be
available for use by an entity; or
(b) the number of production or similar units
expected to be obtained from the asset by the
entity.
IAS 16.6,
IAS 36.6,
IAS 38.8
value in use The present value of estimated future cash flows
expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset
and from its disposal at the end of its useful life.
IFRS 5.A
value in use The present value of the future cash flows expected
to be derived from an asset or cash-generating unit.
IAS 36.6
variable production
overheads
Those indirect costs of production that vary directly,
or nearly directly, with the volume of production,
such as indirect materials and indirect labour.
IAS 2.12
venturer A party to a joint venture that has joint control over
that joint venture.
IAS 31.3
vest To become an entitlement. Under a share-based
payment arrangement, a counterparty’s right to
receive cash, other assets or equity instruments of
the entity vests when the counterparty’s entitlement
is no longer conditional on the satisfaction of any
vesting conditions.
IFRS 2.A
vested benefits Benefits, the rights to which, under the conditions of
a retirement benefit plan, are not conditional on
continued employment.
IAS 26.8
vested
employee benefits
Employee benefits that are not conditional on future
employment.
IAS 19.7
vesting conditions The conditions that determine whether the entity
receives the services that entitle the counterparty to
receive cash, other assets or equity instruments of the
entity, under a share-based payment arrangement.
Vesting conditions are either service conditions or
performance conditions. Service conditions require
the counterparty to complete a specified period of
service. Performance conditions require the
counterparty to complete a specified period of service
and specified performance targets to be met (such as
a specified increase in the entity’s profit over a
specified period of time). A performance condition
might include a market condition.
IFRS 2.A
vesting period The period during which all the specified vesting
conditions of a share-based payment arrangement
are to be satisfied.
IFRS 2.A
warrant A financial instrument that gives the holder the
right to purchase ordinary shares.
IAS 33.5
weighted average
cost formula
Under this formula, the cost of each item is
determined from the weighted average of the cost of
similar items at the beginning of a period and the
cost of similar items purchased or produced during
the period. The average may be calculated on a
periodic basis, or as each additional shipment is
received, depending upon the circumstances of the
entity.
IAS 2.27
weighted average
number of ordinary
shares outstanding
during the period
The number of ordinary shares outstanding at the
beginning of the period, adjusted by the number of
ordinary shares bought back or issued during the
period multiplied by a time-weighting factor.
IAS 33.20
